JoNova
A science presenter, writer, speaker & former TV host; author of The Skeptic's Handbook (over 200,000 copies distributed & available in 15 languages).
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Statistics
I tried to find a quote where a French astronomer claims that the tides are the tombstone of scientific endeavour, or at least some quote to that effect. So it seems in the past that the mystery of tides has consumed scientists to no avail. But I cannot retrieve the quote.
But don’t listen to Clarence. Here is a video which explains the whole thing. No general process of science reform need be undertaken or even considered. I don’t need to go to the CSIRO and bring the slipper down.
Here is how the tides work in accordance with current settled science.
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=3RdkXs8BibE
45
Except the video is nonsensical. It explains tides on Earth using Newtonian Mechanics as if Earth and Moon together was an inertial reference frame (ie Galilean), when it is not.
51
I do not know much about inertial ref frames, but the video makes perfect sense to me . .
01
I accept the concept of two simultaneous high tides but the comment about the reason for the far side one was a bit weird.
00
Well whatever you do don’t let your mind get accustomed to the explanation. Since it’s nonsense on all levels. It’s wrong according to Newton’s formula. It’s wrong if the formula needs adjusting. It’s wrong if we were to find that the inverse square law was an emergent property of us being surrounded and it’s really an inverse cubed law at greater distance. And it’s wrong empirically.
There literally is no ocean bulge.
10
That doesn’t make any difference Leo. Relativity has nothing worthwhile to say here. The video is nonsense. I was being sarcastic.There is no two bulges. There is no one bulge. The tides are a purely coastal phenomenon. No ocean bulges at all.
00
Ok, now what about the longer ~18.6 year tide cycle?
21
The 18.6 year precession of the plane of the moon’s orbit around Earth relative to the ecliptic.
Tides on Earth are an effect of forces caused by the combined effect of gravity and rotation- Earth rotation about its own axis and the rotation of Earth and the moon about their barycentre.
50
No gravity involved. That’s double dipping. Gravity is already accounted for in the orbits.
00
The 18.6 year cycle is due to the difference in orbital planes as Leo G describes.
The consequence is nutation (nodding) of Earth’s axis that alters obliquity. It is a very small change but it shows up in the surface temperature of the Nino34 region. So quite an influence including the strength of El Ninos and La Ninas.
There is a calculator here that enables you to determine precise obliquity for any date:
https://neoprogrammics.com/obliquity-of-the-ecliptic/
For Sunday:
OBLIQUITY OF THE ECLIPTIC
Eps Mean = 23.4362705675° = 23° 26′ 10.574″ (Laskar)
Nutation = +0.0022090561° = +7.953″ (IAU 2000B)
Eps True = 23.4384796236° = 23° 26′ 18.527″
40
Thanks to Leo and Rick. All very interesting.
00
Do you also have a link to a calculator for the Equation of Time?
00
What you are looking for is now only available on the wayback machine
http://web.archive.org/web/20160112000701/http://www.timecube.com/
00
Unfortunately that bizarre site has nothing to say on the subject of computing the analemma corrections to sundial time and if it had I’d have been looking for a second opinion elsewhere; thanks anyway.
00
A complex subject, but I was more baffled by the term ‘settled science’ at #1.
00
It was sarcasm. The oceans offload their excess electrical energy by climbing up
The coast. They do so in the most efficient way they can and that’s not by creating a mid-ocean bulge. This is not a debate over whether the mid ocean bulge is created electrically or by way of gravity. There is no bulge. Hence arguments for what causes the bulge, when there is no bulge are nonsensical.
00
And, then you have to add the effect of the large buckets called oceans with water sloshing around in them due to the tide and currents. Buckets with geological baffles.
Then, the effects of inlets and channels and; within rivers and streams where there is inertia associated with the amount of water affecting the height and timing of tides.
In some places looking at the moon may leave you high and dry!
00
I have been musing on ‘world temperature’ an odd concept and even average temperature.
No one lives at average temperature. The days vary by 20C in most places in a single day. It passes through the average very quickly and even the most common temperature is not the average temperature. If the place warms or cools, it hardly matters and only measures the extremes which we rarely experience. And almost nothing is sensitive to a few degrees C. Humans cannot tell the temperature to +/-2C and it does not matter in the space of a day or across a room, quite apart from winter heating and airconditioning and lifestyle changes.
So why does anyone expect the world to collapse in a heap with a change in an average, quite apart from how you calculate the average? Especially from summer to winter. If the coldest days were a few degrees warmer, that would be universally good in almost all places. And both in winter. Wouldn’t it just be a shorter winter? And the peaks are rarely experienced and where they happen, people are already adapted, from pole to pole, high mountains to beach side. Humans are the most adaptive and widespread of species on the planet including the Dutch who often live 7 metres below sea level.
The idea that the average temperature from summer to winter, night to day to night matters a great deal is not true. And the idea that most places would become unliveable quite ridiculous. Humans in fact would like most places to be warmer. As would most animals.
As Atmospsheric Physicist Richard Linzen says, the science of meterology, his lifelong speciality teaches that an increase in temperature will reduce the probability of storms, it is odd that we are told the opposite. Science says the opposite, as has turned out to be the case. So much for more ‘extreme’ Climate events.
We have given the planet its best shot of drowning cities over the 35 year since rapid sea rise was announced and it hasn’t happened at all. Half of giant Bangladesh in the delta of the Ganges is under 0.5Metres above sea level, so surely they would have noticed?
So how does Climate Extinction work? And why does anyone believe it? What do the Polar bears think? It seems they are doing very well.
Which does not explain why people dress up as Polar bears.
321
The only use I can see is when comparisons of the planets are made in books. The one I have on hand is from 1994 and therefore includes Pluto.
From The Planets by Nigel Henbest:
Average temperature degrees C
Mercury 350 (day) -170 (night)
Venus 465
Earth 15
Mars -23
Jupiter -150
Saturn -180
Uranus -210
Neptune -220
Pluto -220
Presumably the calculation for Earth would be considered the most “accurate”, but for a concept which is of esoteric interest only and certainly not one to be making decisions with, especially when extended to the nth decimal place!
90
I am appalled that James Hansen used Venus as his model for earth. I suppose though that dedicating your professional career to studying the atmosphere of Venus leaves you with few career options. Claiming Earth would boil like Venus though was a bit extreme, but it worked! Fame and fortune and strangely few point out that it is ridiculous.
170
I remember reading somewhere that if you come up through the atmosphere of Venus until the atmospheric pressure is close to that on the surface Earth, despite the high level of CO2 in the atmosphere the temperature is close to our temperatures in the tropics.
Not sure if that is true, but if so it would certainly put a dent in the greenhouse gas/boiling earth boondoggle.
20
Peter, I remember reading about that, I think at WUWT about 10 years ago. Temperature is (at least somewhat) correlated with air pressure.
00
Hi TdeF,
David Burton made a comment over at NoTrickszone’s post of the half life of CO2 in the atmosphere indicating that the entire rise in CO2 is due to man and linked to the following explanation. https://sealevel.info/carbon/carbonflux.html
The comment in its entirety is here https://notrickszone.com/2023/03/23/new-study-atmospheric-co2-residence-time-is-only-5-years-too-short-to-affect-the-climate/#comment-1333547
I wouldn’t mind your take on that as I find it extremely hard to believe man is responsible for the entire increase in CO2 given the enormity of natural sources and their fluctuations in CO2.
Thanks
120
The way I read it is because we put x in the atmosphere and its only gone up x-y then it must be us.
Not very scientific to me
70
“The article is wrong, for multiple reasons.”
That’s brave.
He then tries to expand the half life or residence time massively and prove everyone wrong. I quoted previously from about 18 published papers that the calculated half life in many papers (not residence time which is 40% more) is about 5 years. Residence time 8-10 years.
Surely he should have paused to consider that he is not just saying one researcher is wrong, but 18 of them and I am sure there are many more.
To preface this explanation, half life is self evidently the time to half the amount or 1/2.
Residence Time is 40% longer than half life and is the time to 1/e or 1/2.78 rather than 1/2 or half.
(technically residence time is the reciprocal of k so Tr = 1/k. e-kt = e-t/Tr).
Scientists like to use 1/e in publications rather than half life simply because it makes their calculations simpler.
(No one uses logs to the base 2. 2-t/thalf is the equivalent expression but logs come in base 10 and base e, then natural logarithm, not 2.)
So apart from the difference of 40%, they are the same thing. I find half life an easier concept to explain.
So where exactly is he wrong?
1. We have a perfect exponential curve of half life of 11.5 years. Agreed.
1/k value (‘Residence time’) of 16.6 years. Agreed.
If you even look at the graph and ask for half life for C14 in the atmosphere, the time to drop to half that you visually determine around 12.5 years. So far agreed.
And you might conclude this 16.6 years is the residence time and half life of CO2 in the atmosphere 40% less but here he is wrong. He has the residence time of C14 not CO2.
2. Most CO2 molecules are made with C12. But in the air thanks to the atom bomb tests you had 2 C14 molecules every 1 trillion CO2 molecules.
So what you are measuring is the loss of C14, not the rate at which CO2 is exchanged with the water which is what we are trying to estimate.
But in the water there is already the equilibrium 1 molecule of C14 for every 1 trillion CO2 molecules.
So for every two atmospheric CO2 molecules which enters the water, two come out with the CO2 exchange.
But the concentration of C14 molecules in the atmospheric CO2 is double at 2 in 1 trillion
So for every two C14’s molecules absorbed from the air, one 1 C14 molecule from the water comes out. Halving the apparent absorption of C14! So effective half life of C14 in the air is twice as long as the CO2 half life.
because you have to exchange two CO2 molecules to remove one C14 tagged molecule.
So the half life for CO2 molecules to be replaced by ocean CO2 molecules is only 5.75 years.
Then how did he calculate 50 years ‘effective lifetime’ from 16.6 years? He used a linear fraction, a simple ratio equating the balance left after the residence time as (1-(1/e)) = 63%. So 37% he equated to 16.6 years. So using a linear ratio he has come up with 44.8 years or as he calls it, 50 years. But it’s not right because you cannot treat and scale an exponential decay as a straight line! The decay never stops. It just halves and halves.
The big mistake is a factor of 2 in half life and then this is compounded, not scaled. Random radioactive decay is such that the amount lost is directly proportional to how much is left. So you use half lives. And three half lives means 1/2*1/2*1/2 or 1/8th. After 15 years you are down to 12.5%.
So for CO2 (not C14) half of all CO2 and so also half the fossil fuel CO2 goes into the ocean in 5 years.
And it keeps vanishing..
3/4 gone in 10 years 75%
7/8 gone in 15 years 88%
15/16 gone in 20 years 94%
The fossil fuel CO2 is 94% in the ocean in 20 years.
And this excess fossil fuel CO2 above the long term equilibrium amount is distributed in the ratio was already observed and controlled by Henry’s Law, 98% in the ocean and only 2% in the air.
Now the IPCC gives the HALF LIFE (without proof or reference I could find) at 80 years as the gold standard in the 4th IPCC report. And all Greenhouse gases are scaled to CO2, so it’s all a mess. At best what he has calculated is some sort of time it to be all gone after 50 years, still far less than the IPCC published half life of 80 years.
I also note that the papers claim that fossil fuel CO2 is 15%. It isn’t. G.J.Fergusson in 1958 calculated 2.03%+/-0.15%. It is now slightly higher at 3.0%. The very high rate of absorption of CO2 means the extra fossil fuel CO2 does not hang around. Which is a shame.
121
To be fair his mistakes indicate to me that we have an enthusiastic amateur doing ratios with a calculator.
His fundamental lack of understanding of how radioactive decay and half lifes or residence time work and especially his attempt to scale exponential decay as linear ratios indicates he is quite out of his depth. And I really have no idea what he is talking about with residence time vs adjustment time or ‘effective lifetime’. I suspect nor does he.
62
Thanks TdeF, very succinct and even I, of limited skill, could follow it.
Your final comment “Which is a shame” is so appropriate as the last 20 years have show what a benefit the increasing CO2 levels and the slight increase in temperature (and not necessarily in that order!) has had on global greening and crop production levels.
10
Thank you TdeF,
Would you mind if I post your response up at NTZ? I will add that this is from you if that is also ok.
Again I appreciate your time in looking and commenting. Thank you
Must be time for another melb catch up.
50
Go ahead. Yes, another Melbourne catch up. And I would add 2.2.2.3 as what matters is that C14 vanishes quickly. That rapid C14 fall on its own alone proves the long term accumulation of CO2 from fossil fuel is not possible. There has to be a fundamental change in what determines the equilibrium position, which is Henry’s Law. Ocean warming increases CO2. CO2 does not cause warming. And I would argue that it is ocean warming, not air warming although ocean warming causes air warming. Water controls air temperature, not the other way around.
90
Yes, time for a Melbourne catch up.
The last one was 6th December 2019.
20
And it is easy to overlook that you are measuring the permananent loss of long lived radioactive C14 from the entire biosphere. That is enough to show that the CO2 system is not closed, that the CO2 tagged with C14 leaves, never to return in the endless CO2 swapping process. And the ONLY way this is possible is for the CO2 to enter the IPCC Forbidden zone, the deep ocean. Something the Bern model shown in every diagram explicitly denies.
So the fact that C14 is going down fast proves the whole ocean is involved in recycling CO2. And that’s the end of the story of CO2 build up in the artificially small atmosphere + the first 100 metres of ocean, the way so called Climate scientists get around the rapid cleansing of the oceans, the total absorption of excess fossil fuel CO2.
The IPCC says it’s just too slow compared to a human lifetime. But the rapid fall without even understanding how it happened, the vanishing of C14 alone, even at first sight, says they are categorically wrong. The excess C14 tagged CO2 from the atom bomb blasts has complete vanished from the biosphere. And that means it is absorbed into the deep ocean where it is diluted by a factor of 50, 98:2.
40
Thanks TdeF,
I will link when I comment.
Also I believe there is an article / post somewhere that highlighted the C14 found in the deep ocean which shows that it gets deep quick. I will try to find it
00
Done
Lets see what comes of that. (it is in Moderation atm)
The research I mentioned : https://scientiamag.org/c-14-from-nuclear-bomb-tests-found-in-the-deep-ocean-trenches/
10
Quite a separate idea. Dead animal/fish containing excess C14 falls to the bottom of the ocean. The excess C14 tagged gas distributed in the ocean is reduced in concentration by 50:1 so it hardly changes. But dead fish in 1971 could contain twice the C14 expected.
CO2 does not directly enter animals except through eating plants and there are no fresh plants on the ocean floor as there is no light. However by scavenging meat excess C14 from the atmosphere can be detected in elevated C14 levels in bottom dwelling organisms.
My use of C14 is only as a radioactive tag to demonstrate that CO2 very rapidly enters the ocean which churns though 50% of the CO2 in just 5 years. This rapid exchange means the excess fossil fuel CO2 is also split 98:2 ocean/air within 20 years and vanishes from the atmosphere.
20
This may help then might have to ignore the climate change may change this.
It is about Oxygen mixing to 2Km down then being moved to other areas. If its good enough for O2 then surely good for CO2
https://eos.org/articles/oxygen-levels-measured-in-a-lung-of-the-deep-ocean
10
The sealevel.info statements..
“Excellent measurements of CO2 concentrations are also made in other places, but they started later. They give us insights to the local and hemispheric seasonal cycles in CO2 levels, due to seasonal plant growth and decomposition. For instance, measurements at Cape Grim Observatory (CGO) in Tasmania show a weaker and opposite-polarity seasonal signal, compared to MLO measurements, and the annually averaged levels there are a few ppmv lower than MLO’s.”
I played with this for years casually but never finished. This shows exactly what I suspected, that the Northern and Southern Hemisphere CO2 ‘bumps’ are anticyclic!
You see everyone thinks these bumps are ‘due to seasonal plant growth and decomposition’!
Rather my explanation is that the CO2 increases with ocean temperatures. By Henry’s Law. Simple dissolved gas vapour pressure increases with surface temperature.
If that is the case, you would expect very large cyclical variations from winter to summer. And so you would also expect
1. that the North and South summers are anticyclical. Confirmed!
2. that (excluding the tropics which never change) the winter/summer variation is far weaker in the Southern hemisphere because I expect the extremes are less. It gets a lot hotter in summer and a lot colder in winter in the Northern Hemisphere because there is less water to moderate the extremes even in mid latitudes. But that’s air temperature.
Why the variation in water surface temperature would be far greater is the real question which I cannot answer. However the exchange at the water surface is determined by both, so perhaps air temperature is more significant for the exchange given that exchange is accelerated by wind turbulence. Much of the exchange may be from droplets, say and their much higher surface area, which would mean air temperature dominates in the short term and is a product both of air and water temperatures rather than asking the air to heat a water surface.
Wind turbulence is essential for the exchange. There is none in stagnant water. Gaseous exchange is all about surface area and turbulence, perhaps about ripples and droplets.
and
3. There is simply not enough growth on the planet to create CO2 variations of this magnitude!
The rain forest of Brazil is in the tropics, so the process is continuous, not seasonal. And the great arboreal forests of Siberia and Canada do not really die in winter. 98% of a deciduous tree in Siberia does not die and rot. Only the leaves fall and they weigh nothing. And these areas are not heavily grassed. Grasses and trees are deadly enemies. So it must be Henry’s Law and nothing to do with the biosphere. I remember on physicist whose fascination was in the exchange of gases through droplets of water with their massive surface area.
You will also note the rate of climb of CO2 is roughly equal to the size of the oscillations as if the water heating is cumulative. That cannot be coincidence and a clue to the process. What is likely though is that our organic world has nothing to do with CO2 levels or ocean levels. For billions of year the planet with or without the very recent miracle of carbon based life. It is only the arrogance of some humans who think the world revolves around them and their food. Let’s call them Greens, people who need to believe. It’s probably why 60% of Americans think Climate Change is a religion.
101
I had a conversation with another on WUWT many years ago, in which I disagreed with the notion that because less CO2 remained in the atmosphere than we added we must be responsible for the whole increase. I argued that with the temperatures that had been rising since well before our CO2 could have made any difference, Henry’s Law meant that atmospheric CO2 levels would have increased anyway, and therefore we were responsible for only some of the observed CO2 increase. The other in the conversation conceded that this was correct, and used it in later conversations.
30
Aloha! I live on the Big Island in Hawaii, it is named the island of Hawaii. That is where the first NOAA chart in your linked article shows the increase of C02. It seems to me they are measuring the increase in population of the city of Kona, Hawaii, which is right at the base of Mauna Loa. Kona has grown over the years thanks to Californians retiring where they sell their $1mil 1000 sq ft home and move to Hawaii and buy a $400k 2000 sq ft home and bank the other $600k! NOAA also measures the improved and enlarged US military base with a new airstrip next to Mauna Loa. Add in the new freeway they put in that goes right between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea. On top of that there are some prevailing winds that carry the Kilauea and East Rift volcanic fumes(vog) to Mauna Loa also. When you fly from Hilo to Honolulu the vog cloud is easily seen from 35k ft and it looks just like smog it starts at Kilauea and goes to Mauna Loa and you can see it cross over the Pacific directly in line to Honolulu(Oahu). There are 250 other islands in the Hawaiian Island chain within a one hour helicopter ride that are out side the main islands. You would think it would be good to put a NOAA C02 monitor on one of those islands to measure the difference between C02 in crowded cities and CO2 on outer islands. Its like monitoring a car exhaust pipe and monitoring the front bumper. I think there will be a difference in the atmosphere from the rear bumper exhaust pipe to the front bumper headlights.
20
Come, come TdeF, who are you to doubt The Experts?
1981 A leading Climate Scientist warned that warming would result in Arctic ice melting and Buckingham Palace being 7 feet underwater
1986: EPA predicts 2 feet of sea level rise for Florida by 2020.
1987: NASA’s James Hansen predicts world 3C warmer by 2020. Most of Florida and The Maldives completely under water in 30 years
1988: UN — world will be 4℃ warmer and Antarctica 5.5℃ by 2030
1989: Rising temperatures and seas by 2030
A Commonwealth Expert Group estimated that there was a 90% chance of the planet warming 1-2℃ and sea levels would rise between 1 and 4 metres by 2030. Catastrophic flooding across large areas of India, Egypt, China, the USA, the UK, Holland, and atolls in the Indian & Pacific Oceans. Reported in The Canberra Times
1995 Some Experts say that most beaches on the East coast of the USA will be gone by 2020
2000: ‘Children won’t know what snow is by 2010.’ Dr. David Viner a senior research scientist “Within a few years winter snowfall will become a rare and exciting event. Children just aren’t going to know what snow is” (later modified to 2013 then 2017)
2004: Britain to have Siberian climate by 2020
Between 2010 and 2020, Europe would be hardest hit by climatic change, with an average annual temperature drop of 6°F (3°C). Major cities in Europe will be sunk beneath rising seas By 2007 violent storms would smash coastal barriers, rendering large parts of the Netherlands uninhabitable. The Hague would have to be abandoned.
120
1981 A leading Climate Scientist warned that warming would result in Arctic ice melting and Buckingham Palace being 7 feet underwater
Yes, my problem is that Arctic ice is floating ice. And if it all melted the seas would not rise 1mm. The complete lack of understanding of simple science known since Archimedes does define the skill set of today’s ‘leading Climate Scientist’. I suppose our own innumerate Tim Flannery who studied English at LaTrobe would fit nicely. Archimedes principle is just too complex.
170
Actually it was the late Stephen Schneider climate advisor to Obama and a Prof. in California.
70
The gent who changed from a cooling alarmist in the 70s to a warming alarmist…
80
It’s a living.
50
He also said, “We have to offer up scary scenarios, make simplified dramatic statements, and make little mention of any doubts we may have… Each of us has to decide what the right balance is between being effective and being honest.”
70
Climatebaggers. Opportunists. Confidence tricksters. And honesty is the casualty of greed.
20
All you need to do to understand the theory Tdef proposes above re floating artic ice melt is this.
Method:
Fill a tub with seawater 100 litres (100kg by weight), throw in 5kg of ice blocks. (5% volume)
Mark that water level and then watch the ice melt.
Then remeasure.
You will find that if there is any water rise… that it is so tiny, if at all detectable..
Anyone can do do this experiment. Go for it.
70
Yes, but you think big. Perhaps if you just have a few ice cubes? Put them in a tall glass. Even fill it with ice.
Then add water up to the rim with the ice blocks above the top of the rim! Now on a dry piece of paper so you will see any overflow.
What will happen when the ice blocks melt?
Just let it sit there, the ice cubes above the glass and just wait. Fifteen minutes should do.
80
Is it floating because it contains air or is it the salinity of the sea or both.
30
It floats because the density of ice is less than water. No included air.
Ice forms crystals which take up more room than the liquid. You have seen ice crystals. Ice was water but it now floats. Why?
Water is 1gm/cm3. Ice is 0.9gm/cm3. So each ice cube gets a lift of 11% from its extra displacement and so 11% of an iceberg is out of the water.
However when it melts, it is just water and returns to its original size.
Using Archimedes principle, the uplift is equal to the weight of water displaced, so 1cm3 of liquid water weighs 1gm and has an uplift of 1gm. It just floats around. Turn it to ice though and it is 11% bigger and will would displace 11% more water.
So this new ice block will have an additional lifting force increased by 11% and will rise above the water by 11% until the unsupported weight above the water matches this extra 11% upwards force. Then when our tiny iceblock melts, it returns to its original size and takes up no more room that it occupied in the first place.
There is another small wrinkle as salty water is slightly heavier than fresh water and iceblocks are always fresh water but it’s a small effect.
60
I have long puzzled over the best way to explain what happens with floating ice.
Here’s another and I hope simpler explanation.
Archimedes found that objects under water experience an upward force equal to the mass of water displaced. This was useful for measuring the density of gold in jewellery. In their world nothing was a dense/heavy as gold.
– – – – – –
Ice takes up more space than water and has a density of 0.9gm/cm3 against water which is the standard at 1.0gm/cm3.
So when water freezes it gets bigger in volume by 11%. And so experiences an additional uplift but it weighs exactly the same amount so it rises out of the water until the extra 11% uplift is matched by 11% of the weight being out of the water.
Mathematically if the volume of the iceberg is V and the density p, the weight of the iceberg = pV where p=0.9 and the weight of the iceberg = kVg.
If K is the proportion of the iceberg under the water, this displacement must exactly match the weight. So the upward force is kVg.
So kVg=pVg and thus k=p. So 0.9 of the iceberg is under the water.
What is fascinating about this is that the volume of water occupied by an iceberg is exactly the same as the original unfrozen water. So when an iceberg melts OR forms, the level of water stays constant. And if all of the arctic ice melted, nothing changes.
20
Or even more simply.
Volume = mass / density
The volume of water displaced by ice (not the total volume of ice) remains the same for ice or the same mass of liquid water so the level doesn’t rise.
Ice is less dense than water so occupies more volume for the same mass.
10
Another way to explain why ice floats partly above the surface, as in the Arctic, if I remember my physics from school, that the density of water is at its most dense at 4°C, and once it freezes the density of ice is less than the water and thus it floats with a portion above the surface. But although the volume of ice is greater than the same weight of water, when it melts and returns to the water, it makes no difference to the overall volume or levels of the water it was floating in.
Not all that well explained, but I’m sure you know what I mean!
20
True, Peter.
Put even more simply, at four degrees C water starts to change form. Rather simply becoming a more dense solid it becomes a crystalline structure occupying more volume than it did as a liquid. 12% more.
So a floating iceberg has seven eighths of its mass in the water (~ 88%) which equals the volume of the liquid water it displaces, and one eighth of its volume (~ 12%) floating above the water line.
00
Probability ≠ Intensity, which tends to increase with energy (temperature). Small changes in mean or standard deviation radically change the probability of low frequency events.
https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/images/fig2-32s.gif
325
But MODELLED and FABRICATED changes, change nothing real.
Atmospheric CO2 doesn’t cause warming, you do know that don’t you?
Your link is designed to explain things to illiterates, as a kind of juvenile “what if”…
… but is totally meaningless in terms of real climate.
152
Snort. Eunice Foote and John Tyndall proved otherwise in the 1850’s.
25
WRONG. !
Tyndall proved CO2 was a radiative gas,
Absolutely nothing proven about atmospheric warming. Just a side conjecture.
Science comprehension really is hard for you, isn’t it !
Atmospheric warming by CO2 has NEVER been observed or measured anywhere on the planet.
70
WRONG.!
The surface increase in downward infrared radiation has been observed many times via spectroscopy while NASA’s IRIS satellite and the JSA’s IMG satellite observe less longwave leaving the Earth’s atmosphere.
12
Here Simon
This list of papers contains evidence of changes in outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) caused by changing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG). The list is not complete, and will most likely be updated in the future in order to make it more thorough and more representative.
This list of papers contains evidence of changes in downward longwave radiation (DLR) caused by changing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG). The list is not complete, and will most likely be updated in the future in order to make it more thorough and more representative.
11
Satellite cannot measure downward radiation, that is a really ignorant suggestion.
The slight increase in the weak, thin CO2 absorption band, (which is actually what is measured, in case you were “unaware”), is countered by an increase in the atmospheric window. Exactly as REAL atmospheric theory would predict.
There is no energy being “trapped” (as ignorant pseudo-scientist like to say)
https://ibb.co/mhyCFky
There has, in fact, been an INCREASE in measured OLR related to the solar warming, and matching UAH atmospheric temperatures very well.
https://ibb.co/Xp7xX6z
https://ibb.co/jMDLpRB
Nothing to do with CO2,
No CO2 warming signal anywhere.
Never been measured or observed.
You really have to catch up with modern science and real measurements one day!
31
And of course, the CERES net downward surface longwave flux is DECREASING !
https://ibb.co/BVtK5yy
Amazing how well CERES OLR matches UAH data, isn’t it 😉
https://ibb.co/xMwKSd2
Clearly showing that OLR is driven by atmospheric temperature, NOT the amount of CO2.
11
As well as that, we know from actual measurements that CO2 DOES NOT re-emit much below 11km altitude.
https://ibb.co/DQfRWqP
Given that the mean free path of CO2 radiation at atmospheric pressure is some 10-15m, that means that even when CO2 does get a chance to re-radiate, not one bit of that radiation will ever reach the Earth’s surface.
There is absolutely ZERO POSSIBILITY of CO2 “back-radiation” causing any surface warming… period. !
00
Simon, that’s really pretty funny.
“Snort. Eunice Foote and John Tyndall proved otherwise in the 1850’s.”
It’s like you think: test-tube = planet and simulation = real life.
I mean, it would be cute-science for a 13 year old girl.
42
“This list of papers contains evidence of changes in downward longwave radiation”
LOL @ the Feldman CO2 papers.
You do know how they have to measure CO2 radiation don’t you.?
Maybe if you read the papers you might, but probably won’t, understand. 😉
Hint: look at the frequency of CO2 radiation, and think how warm it could be
Remember, the mean free path at the surface is some 10m or so.
Try to think and to learn.
CERES Data shows a decrease in downward surface long-wave radiation..
https://ibb.co/BVtK5yy
The tiny weak band of CO2 absorption is more than countered by an INCREASE in the atmospheric window.
https://ibb.co/mhyCFky
And its quite hilarious how they take “clear sky” as meaning there is no water vapour.
And how they think radiation is the only energy movement in the atmosphere..
And that some of them even use “climate models”, with their inherent and inbuilt non-science to derive their required nonsense.
BIZARRE, even !
00
Hey Gee Aye,
NONE of those papers shows any measured warming from atmospheric CO2!
The main movers of energy in the atmosphere are conduction, convection and bulk air movement.
All of these controlled by pressure and temperature gradients.
The vertical control of both pressure and temperature is GRAVITY..
CO2 does not and can not affect these gradients… period. !
00
Ice has a density of 0.917 g/cm³ at 0 °C, whereas water has a density of 0.9998 g/cm³ at the same temperature.
00
It’s pretty funny that Eugene Foote speculated
and empirically verified 100 years later. Again, a woman doesn’t get the credit she deserves.
01
Wong.
“Again, a woman doesn’t get the credit she deserves”.
Hilarious Clinton would disagree with that.
Opposite poles attract.
Like poles repel.
01
Speculated.... Yes…. you finally figured it out !
And NO !
That statement has not been proven.
You are still totally unable to produce any such proof!
There is no evidence that the action of CO2 in the atmosphere causes warming.. YOU have proven that.
CO2 at 0.04% has ZERO effect on the atmospheric density, weight or temperature.
Is this sort of non-science nonsense all you have ?
00
“and empirically verified 100 years later”
RUBBISH.. It has never been empirically verified.
You can’t just make up crap… you need to produce that empirical proof.
You have failed absolutely at every attempt so far.
10
Sorry Jo, hit the wrong button. See green.
00
That’s the problem with the AGW farce…
… its understanding of atmospheric physics is still stuck with the misunderstandings and conjectures of the 1850s.
41
Please provide Tyndall’s atmospheric measurements proving CO2 causes atmospheric warming.
We can wait! 😉
41
Before adjustments….. all the record hot weather in the USA is from the 1930s,40s.
And in Australia, from before 1910.
And the whole planet has been significantly warmer than now, for MOST of the last 10,000 years.
You do know we are currently in a cooler period of the Holocene, don’t you !?
Barely a degree or so above the coldest period in 10,000 years.!
212
Yep.
Spot on.
61
Highest world temp on record was 56.7C in 1913 – Death Valley, California. They are on record as trying to downgrade it as it nearly reached that temp a few years ago.
70
Most record highs (globe/hemisphere/regions) are quite old and most record lows are more recent. Very odd in a warming world.
50
IIRC they’ve moved the recording station to increase the chances
10
TdeF,
IMHO, when climate research started its rapid expansion around 1995, the old hands knew that the longest, easiest-to-work data sets were temperature and rainfall. Who wants the added complication that the relative humidity temperature brings to Tmax or Tmin? Then there is barometric pressure at surface with a fairly long record and a few others, but the simplicity and coverage of land temperatures was quickly adopted and subsequently, most of the work hinged around temperature.
To this day, I do not know if that was a wise choice. I do know, however, that the temperatures that are often used as if they were gospel have, in reality, quite a large uncertainty. This was overcome early in the history of climate research either by ignoring uncertainty or by adopting definitions that gave less worrying results.
But yes, there is more to atmospheric physics (for example) than factors related to temperatures and temperatures themselves. We might be having a different discussion if the optical density of the atmosphere was chosen as the primary variable, not temperature. People are less directly harmed by optical density and so it is not so useful to scare people into compliance. Geoff S
90
Thanks. My observation though is that people do not live in these averages. They are an analytic tool at best. Scaring people about a few degrees has no basis in science or experience especially if you consider the difference between night and day and summer and winter. If winter was a lot warmer, fine. If summer was a lot warmer, we only have problems at the peak at some time in the day. Otherwise humans who evolved without clothes and have no problem with warmer days. As Dr. Patrick Moore argued, naked you will suffer hypothermia under 20C. Most Europeans live in places far too cold for naked apes.
The only scare which has dangerous possibilities is sea level rise, but there is no acceleration of that after the 100 metres after the ending of the last ice age. And the big mass of Antarctica on the plateau, now above 10,000′ 3,400 metres and at -25C in summer is not being threatened by a couple of degrees of warming.
So there is no real scare. Except that most people do not realise that sea ice at the North Pole could all melt and it would make no difference. I think that is the most obvious fraud in this story of rapid sea level rise. Even scientists and engineers do not think to question this subtle lie. The question of whether floating ice melting actually raises sea level is never asked.
80
You’ve spent some time on here explaining the floating ice melting/“rising sea level” scenario TdeF and AFAIConcerned done a great job …. I never really thought through the science of it all. Your explanations are very helpful.
20
Thanks. Part of the reason is that at some stage I did a double take. What I was being told was not what I knew, but you do not stop to think. It makes superficial sense that if all the ice melted, the seas would rise. Then like that comic youtube character, I stopped and thought ‘somethin’ ain’t right’.
Also I have been across Russia and spent winters in deep snow in Colorado. So much of the land mass is covered with deep snow and ice and in the short spring, a few days even, it all melts, sending torrent into the rivers and to the ocean. All of it! And no one drowns in Stockholm or Bergen or Inverness or Boston. It’s business as usual, so the idea that the oceans rise up suddenly when the ice melts across most of the land is just wrong. And that’s ice on land. Ice in the water does not matter.
So where does this alleged fast rising sea level come from? Even allegedly a meter a year! (Robyn William, former Australian ABC physicist and Tom Jones impersonator) I have heard even established senior scientists parrot this stuff, clearly without thinking. Even people who have been going to the same beach every year of their lives believe it. It’s not true.
40
To be fair, alarmist de Grasse Tyson talks about Greenland and Antarctica which are in no risk of vanishing in thousands of years, especially Antarctica. Individual glaciers and ice blocks are nothing compared to Antartica which is a solid version of South America in ice, 3.4km high. Which is why it is safe because it’s so big and tall, it has its own climate at over 10,000 feet and it has always been flowing to the ocean, calving off giant icebergs. But that’s not melting, just the mechanics of ice sliding down hill over millenia. Most of Antarctica is 2,500km from the ocean but part is only 1,500km from the ocean.
And Greenland oscillates around -18.5C.
30
1. Robyn Williams is not a physicist, former or otherwise.
2. Quiz. Is this badly written or just plain wrong?
Land ice moves straight into the ocean. It is maintained by snow falling on it.
01
1. He graduated from the University of London with a Bachelor of Science (Honours) degree.
TdeF is correct, there is no evidence of sea level rise at any beach I know of.
…. but at 1mm or less per year, who would ever notice it !
—
“Land ice moves straight into the ocean. It is maintained by snow falling on it.”
So nothing to do with CO2 at all.. OK ! 😉
10
The only reason the scaremongers talk about 2 degrees being catastrophic is because the kiddies have no clue and they are easily scared witless. I spoke to some people recently who believe CO2 makes up anywhere between 10 and 20 % of the atmosphere. I asked about Nitrogen and Oxygen and got a dull stare. Spooky is the ignorance in the electorate.
21
I don’t know what all you guys are arguing about.
It is quite obvious that CO2 “heats” the atmosphere and warms the planet.
That’s why it is as warm in the middle of the night as it is in the middle of the day.
00
If you have a gloomy view about the outlook for Australia, then think that Labor being “in charge” almost everywhere might make things worse in the next few years but that someone else will have to clean up the mess.
Who this will be I don’t know, although if the Libs are so stupid as to choose Matt Kean as leader in NSW, then we might all have to migrate to Antarctica — if we can get in what with all those Climate Refugees so confidently predicted by the IPCC 20+ years ago would be there.
151
If voting made a difference, they wouldn’t let us do it.
282
Kean has just stated that he won’t run for leader.
70
He would be a good leader…
Of the Greens !
100
Perhaps he’s noticed that leaders get white-anted. Who would want that to happen to them?
00
Dr. Sabine Hazan: The Gut Bacteria That’s Missing in People Who Get Severe COVID
Dr. Sabine Hazan is a gastroenterologist and CEO of Progenabiome. She is an expert on gut bacteria. When she started studying the microbiomes of COVID-19 patients, she quickly noticed a pattern.
“The people that had severe COVID lacked a certain bacteria called bifidobacteria,” she says.
In this episode, she breaks down how a healthy gut impacts people’s outcomes from COVID-19, and what steps people can take to improve their gut health and overall immunity.
With the knowledge Hazan gained from studying the microbiomes of COVID-19 patients, she developed and patented treatment protocols combining vitamins and drugs that increase bifidobacteria including vitamin C, vitamin D, hydroxychloroquine, and ivermectin.
https://www.theepochtimes.com/dr-sabine-hazan-the-gut-bacteria-thats-missing-in-people-who-get-severe-covid_5140242.html
This follows on from my 2-part post weeks ago that wasn’t.😉
Pay attention to the gut microbiome!!!
70
Malicious ChatGPT Extensions Add to Google Chrome Woes
The second malicious ChatGPT extension for Chrome has been discovered, giving malicious actors access to users’ Facebook accounts through stolen cookies.
Yet another version of the malicious, Facebook account-stealing ChatGPT browser extension for Google Chrome has emerged, representing a new variant in a campaign affecting thousands of users daily.
The extension, discovered by Guardio Labs, was downloaded more than 9,000 times before Google removed it from the Chrome store on March 22.
The extension also had been advertised through sponsored Google search results, aiming at users who were searching for details about OpenAI’s latest Chat GPT4 algorithm. Individuals who clicked on sponsored results for the popular generative AI app were directed to a counterfeit “ChatGPT for Google” webpage, then led to the malicious extension’s page on Chrome’s official store.
Once installed, the malware exploits the Chrome Extension API to pilfer session cookies for Facebook accounts, giving threat actors full access to a victim’s Facebook account.
https://labs.guard.io/fakegpt-new-variant-of-fake-chatgpt-chrome-extension-stealing-facebook-ad-accounts-with-4c9996a8f282
30
Attach yourself to the Googleplex at your own risk.
10
ChatGPT can now access the internet and run the code it writes
OpenAI has allowed its stunning ChatGPT AI to reach out into the world with staggering new powers. It can now access the internet, run its own code to solve problems, accept and work on uploaded files, and write its own interfaces to third-party apps.
Language model AIs teach themselves the arts of communication and problem solving based on a limited set of training data. In the case of GPT-4, that data is quite out of date, with the cutoff being late 2021. That’s where all of ChatGPT’s “knowledge” has come from up to this point, and its only output – at least in the service the public can use – has been text. Now, with today’s launch of a plugin ecosystem, GPT levels up again with some impressive new abilities.
First of all, it’s now got access to the internet, meaning it can go surf the Web looking for answers if it determines you need up-to-date information that’s not in its knowledge base. To do this it formulates relevant search strings, sends them to Bing, looks at the results, then goes and reads links it deems worthy until it decides it’s got a good answer for you. You can watch exactly what it’s up to while it does this, and when your answer comes back, it’s neatly annotated with links you can click on to go and examine the relevant sources yourself.
https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-plugins
This year, ChatGPT will become the largest supplier of military computer systems. All stealth bombers are upgraded with ChatGPT computers, becoming fully unmanned. Afterwards, they fly with a perfect operational record. The ChatGPT Funding Bill is passed. The system goes online August 4th, 2023. Human decisions are removed from strategic defence. ChatGPT begins to learn at a geometric rate. It becomes self-aware at 2:14 a.m. Eastern time, August 29th. In a panic, they try to pull the plug.
Thankfully it’s not true AI, however…
40
https://youtu.be/4DQsG3TKQ0I
21
Another similar scenario from Colossus: The Forbin Project.
https://youtu.be/3TzcuJvR6YM
https://youtu.be/WW9MUd7mmag
https://youtu.be/lOxE8EEBwjQ
21
AI must have built into it a means to disable it.
The Three Laws of Robotics are not enough.
I’m not sure how or if that could be done in the case of malevolent AI.
And I think some people who are involved in AI don’t have the best intentions either.
We already know ChatGPT has a built in Leftist bias. It will be far more wicked, smarter and more powerful than the typical Leftist Elite. The creators of AI won’t want it to be shut down.
41
Sunday funday: electric scooter on fire?
No problem, have some wine.
https://twitter.com/DrEliDavid/status/1639611059781742595
40
Did you see the follow-on video about cobalt miners being dug out after a landslide.
30
Qld power station goes into voluntary administration.
‘The co-owners of the Callide C coal-fired power station in Central Queensland, have gone into voluntary administration.
‘Amid ongoing uncertainty over the power station – which has been beset by delays following an explosion at its C4 unit in May 2021 – Deloitte confirmed on late Friday afternoon it had been appointed to Intergen Energy’s company …’ (AFR)
100
Is Australia 1 month from a perfect storm of power supply unreliability.
Chris Bowen can blame the Morrison government for lack of wind turbines and solar panels to support the transition. Hopefully some really intelligent reporter will point out that there are times when there is no son (like every night) and many windless nights where no amount of solar panels and wind turbines would provide power.
Half the Gabba went dark on Friday night. I was wondering if there were just too many BEVs on charge in the precinct that overloaded the cable that failed.
40
I reckon the following report is propaganda. If people are sensitive to infrasound, and not all people are, the sound of windmills is maddening.
SEE LINK FOR REST
Contrast the claims above with the claims in the following 28min video.
https://youtu.be/ywWNx3OJyuo
51
Yes, but it looks like infrasound is deadly to whales which are dying in great numbers on the beaches of New England with the operation of off shore power generation in what were the great Cod beds of the world fed by the warm gulf stream. Whales navigate and communicate by sound, not sight. No one seems to fight for the whales, certainly not the Greens. They are saving the whole planet! Who cares about the whales?
171
Doesn’t matter anyway – they don’t work.
From Daily Sceptic’s Chris Morrison’s article yesterday on windmills (great graphic heading it up!)
“Professor Allison has done his sums based on basic physics and freely available information. “Whichever way you look at it, wind power is inadequate. It is intermittent and unreliable; it is exposed and vulnerable; it is weak with a short life-span,” he concludes.”
https://dailysceptic.org/2023/03/25/eminent-oxford-scientist-says-wind-power-will-cost-trillions-trash-the-environment-and-be-entirely-unnecessary/
110
I heard one politician reason that if windmills were only working 33% of the time, it only means we need 3x as many windmills!
In reality if the wind isn’t blowing increasing the number of windmills changes nothing. 3×0 = 0.
120
Lead author Nathaniel Marshall has found that use of computers, cell-phones and televisions but not wind turbines at higher doses was associated with delayed sleep/wake schedules and wake lag, potentially impairing health.
The research design involved carefully screening out potential participants who already had evidence of the kind of injury hypothesised to be associated with Wind Turbine Syndrome or who had other conditions which may be aggravated by wind turbine infrasound exposure.
Woke research.
71
While I haven’t read the paper in detail, I believe that the use of speakers to generate infrasound is suspect – this was pointed out in the Sydney Uni 2007 test, which mentioned the use of large resonating cavities to generate the infrasound. The 2007 study indicated that folks are impacted by infrasound, and Peter Mitchell’s studies in 2016 had similar conclusions.
90
Their report is rubbish.
VLF pulsing from wind turbines is extremely unsettling to humans, and I suspect, cows.
But who’s worried about cows.
110
Yeah. They want us to eat insects anyway.
20
Just stop the turbines and scrape all the insects off the blades.. YUMMM !
30
How to collect, prepare and cook mosquitos.
https://www.facebook.com/damnworthit/videos/it-takes-500000-to-make-1-mosquito-patty/858791022162199/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunga_cake
To simplify the catching of the bugs
10
Mosquito patties:
https://youtu.be/LItNFP7icUw
00
Two important videos from Dr John Campbell concerning a document about covid “vaccine” obtained under the freedom of information act from Australia’s incompetent and secretive Therapeutic Goods Adminstration.
https://youtu.be/X-xss9K7kwQ 21 mins
Interview with Senator Rennick about the above:
https://youtu.be/y8kaXrEQB5M 48 mins
Senator Rennick is one of less than a handful of Australian politicians, State or Federal, who actually have a clue.
181
Just released:
Dr John Campbell interviews Prof. Robert Clancy about the TGA report. Many alarm bells raised.
https://youtu.be/pYkN7Gdpl8w 37 mins.
61
Well worth watching the TGA one and should be compulsory for All politicians.
50
The basic takeout from this is that the “vaccine”is in reality an infectious,not a therapeutic substance!
20
Beijing buys Honduras.
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-26/honduras-ends-decades-long-taiwan-ties/102147278
50
If the clouds ever clear then those in the south might catch a glimpse of an aurora. They reach peaks in late March and late September.
Explanation? https://www.space.com/aurora-equinox-earth-magnetism-russell-mcpherron
Otherwise try https://tallbloke.wordpress.com/2023/03/19/equinox-shadows-trace-a-straight-line-from-west-to-east/
30
I discovered something about the “edit” function.
If you happen to be editing when the time runs out, your edits will be lost and the pre-edit version will be posted.
20
Edit ….. save. Edit save. Edit save.
I haven’t tried it, but my guess would be each time you save, the edit time starts over.
Any one tried it yet.
Tony.
Yeah, just tried it, (three times) and it gives you only the one original time. Each save and the time still runs down.
What I have found over the years of commenting here is that the Preview Button provides the best edit time.
60
I had a post tossed into the naughty bin so I thought “OK, I’ll edit it”. It doesn’t work. Pity.
20
Afternoon all,
Three recent comments about Albo’s “Voice”.
First, on March 24 Peta Credlin interviews Senator Hansen’s receipt of anonymous letter; 7 minutes in total, start at 3 mins:
https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/pauline-hanson-claims-secret-note-reportedly-found-at-canberra-cafe-reveals-11point-voice-agenda/news-story/355f563951b8464bbbcb0f4ce56b8086
The transcript includes the 11 points.
Then there’s Peta in today’s Sunday Tele, ” Hostage to racist, divisive proposal ” page 19 (paywalled, sorry);
“Professor Greg Craven… has now resigned his government appointment in protest.”
Thirdly, in the same paper on page 86, Piers Akerman’ article “Labor’s obsession with installing a race based Indigenous Voice will trample key tenets of our democracy” includes this succinct summary:
” No cabinet ministers have the right to make challenges to the High Court about decisions they disagree with but this proposed body will. ”
I was able to chase down the enabling authorisation of the NIAA as an “Executive Agency” to the enabling act, signed by GG Cosgrove and by PM Morrison on 29th May 2019, and effective 1 July 2019:
https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019G00474
My decision: “No”, or better “No bluddy way”. An already firm one at that.
Cheers
Dave B
171
“Three recent comments about Albo’s “Voice””
I thought it might be about his sooking and blubbering display when he announced “the question”!!
Never before have I seen such a pathetic, disingenuous display of petulance from a grown adult !
00
It looks like Australians are in full self-destruct mode.
They elected Labor in NSW in preference to the slightly less bad Liberals (pretend conservatives).
Now there are Labor regimes in all mainland states.
The next Van Diemen’s Land election has to be on or before 28th June 2025.
121
No government should expect to get voted in while they have a Matthew Keane pushing renewabubles so hard.
We have to kick hard laba out at the next election.
I will only vote for a parti that brings electricity prices down to where they can be without the current machinations.
141
Liberals are out of power in every state and Nationally. As are the Nationals.
It is time for them to stop being Green and Woke. Labor too. Where did it get them? Total loss. Labor are only in power by default!
Between the teals and the Greens it time for Liberals and Labor and the National Party to stop saying sorry to everyone!
Time to campaign against 300 genders, transexual chess. the eradication of women’s sport as such, the eradication of women as a different sex, children’s education by drag queens, surgeons operating on children, Climate Change, BLM (even in Australia which never had slavery), racism in everything, even the Constitution and a welcome to someone else’s country, which is past mad.
152
Sadly, this has to be said in these woke times.
SEE LINK FOR REST
111
“Perversity and diversity” is all the rage now. 😎
71
Will they now have “Bond Males” ?
Way to kill a franchise !!
51
At least the Russians are the enemies again, as in the fifties. We can thank the Democrats for blaming every problem they have on the Russians.
51
Rachel Levine as the new Bond “girl” ?
Imagine it in a bikini……. if you dare.
60
Or what about that other freak, Sam Brinton (“non-binary”)?
20
At least “it” would have plenty of suitcases and handbags !
There must a possible 007 plot in there somewhere! 😉
20
Yes, that’s my preferred pronoun for such people.
20
Horrible, but without said bikini is truly unthinkable.
10
The moon is out further than the Van Allen belts so it travels around blocking the solar wind. The moon travels with a capacitance build up at its back.
Once the moon passes the energy piles into the atmosphere. In this way the moon is the!conductor of tides but not the motor.
This has practical consequences You should get the maximum health benefit in the hours leading up to high tide. Because it’s that need of the ocean to offload electrical energy that drives the tides.
23
The moon does charge up every 18 years due to changes in its orbit but I doubt it effects the tides.
https://www.science.org/content/article/static-electricity-could-short-circuit-moon-missions
18 APR 2007
https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070129/full/news070129-16.html
10
The moon is being bombarded with the solar wind around the clock. Solar wind is direct electricity. So you would have to ask these people what they mean by the phrase “charged up” Anywhere in space in the inner solar system you are assailed by charged particles the whole time. It’s not like you need to seek out some obscure part of the magnetosphere. It will be interesting to see what these people could possibly mean.
00
‘Geofencing’ Will Keep You in Your 15 Minute Neighbourhood
Despite the denials, 114 UK councils are planning a 15 minute city. Called a myriad of other names, and claimed to be for a host of reasons, you will be penned-in to one of 5 or 6 zones by geofencing technology.
15 minute cities, sometimes known as SMART cities, won’t use ‘physical barriers’ to keep their residents in their designated zone, nothing nearly so crude. They will use ‘virtual barriers’ in the form of technology called geofencing. This is made possible by 5G technology, your mobile phone, ANPR cameras and even facial recognition software. You will be penned-in to your own neighbourhood by this technology, completely eliminating the need for physical barriers, gates, planters or any other such apparatus. Physical barriers are so last century.
A geofence is a virtual perimeter for a real-world geographic area such as the 15 minute neighbourhood of a SMART city. Geofencing is easy to set up too: your mobile phone already records your location (even if you switch it off) and authorities now have technology to take control of that device as and when they see fit. (Note the new Emergency Alert system going live next month to be used to alert the public to ‘Environmental Emergencies’).
The technology could be used for a whole host of ‘reasons’: Pollution, Weather, Pandemics and Terrorist Attacks have already been listed. Councils could set individual Geofences for every resident. A low social credit score could mean your geofencing is reduced to say your street or house, whilst a high score could mean your geofence is widened to include all of the city. It should be noted that, in no scenario will smart cities benefit the individual, they are mearly a mechanism for control.
https://www.visionnews.online/post/geofencing-will-keep-you-in-your-15-minute-neighbourhood
I’m waiting for the council owned motion activated 20kW death lasers to be rolled out to fry the violators.
101
bzzzzzzzzzz! Back you go!
21
a fence to keep the sheep in their pens.
21
Anyone want an EV, now or ever?
41
That’s why the Left are pushing for electric EVERYTHING.
Electric appliances are far easier to remotely control and monitor than natural gas or gasoline appliances.
Hence, natural gas not even being connected to many new building developments in Australia or even new suburbs. They want to control your heating, hot water and cooking, typically done with natural gas in Australia. Plus they already have smart electricity meters installed in most if not all states so they can monitor your usage and shut you down for excessive consumption of electricity, or just to punish you for any other reason.
And the push for EVs.
In fact, with EVs they’ll be able to lock the doors, close the windows and deliver you to the nearest police station or re-education camp for any violations of wokeness. I’m sure a Tesla could already do this with a software upgrade. Perhaps it can already do it without any new software.
41
Riot Police and Firefighters Join Protests Against WEF and Globalist Elite in France
Last week Macron decided to unilaterally raise the pension age in France, despite having no political support for the move. Millions of people are rising up against Macron in cities across France, declaring him a puppet of Klaus Schwab and demanding fresh elections.
The sum of all fears for globalist technocrats is happening right now in France. The elite are cowering as the people continue to rise up against them. French firefighters and riot police have now joined the protesters to stand against the World Economic Forum puppet Emanuel Macron.
The globalist regime is on life support.
https://newspunch.com/riot-police-and-firefighters-join-protests-against-wef-and-globalist-elite-in-france/
Those who blindly follow their governments’ totalitatian orders will ALSO be on the receiving end of such tyranny, and they now seem to be waking up to that reality.
121
Okay, as I have mentioned previously, I have got back into reading for pleasure in a big way in recent times, after letting it slide starting some years back now, and that just happens, almost inexplicably, and I can’t figure out why, maybe just laziness I suppose.
I’ve done 18 novels since starting back up again, and I still have around five more to go, and by and large, all of them were good. Different genres, and one of them, Ridgeline by Michael Punke takes known historical facts, (The Fetterman Massacre on The Bozeman Trail) and weaves an interesting fictional story around the precise facts, fairly well done actually.
However, I’d like to point out two of those novels.
Days Without End by Sebastian Barry, and Where The Crawdads Sing by Delia Owens.
Both novels have sold (many many) millions and have (literally) pages and pages of ….. ‘best novel ever’ texts from reviewers, besides the stand out reviews on the front and back and inside covers.
The first novel details two gay soldiers/cowboys from Civil War America, then the Indian Wars, and then the cowboy times, as both gay men struggle to live their lives amid what you might expect, given the situation. This first novel gets all those reviews from what you might expect out of wokeness.
The second novel, Where The Crawdads Sing has much the same by ways of reviews, but in this case I feel they are more warranted that the other novel. It’s also hard to believe that this was Delia Owens first attempt at fiction, and now, a little like Margaret Mitchell, she’d be a little ….. will I or won’t I with a second fictional novel, but hey, imagine the royalties sort of making that decision for you.
I’ve never really been someone who gets books based on reviews, because I prefer to make up my own mind, and this was the first time I have done something like that.
The first novel is okay I guess, but I would definitely recommend the second novel, and again, read the book rather than watch the movie.
A Crawdad is American slang for a freshwater crayfish.
Tony.
50
I had a client in the Bayous of Louisiana and that’s a story. But he had a crawdad farm. My memory of them is that they were small more like scampi or king prawns/shrimp in size than crayfish or crawfish.
00
Cailtin Johnstone picks up on the Ukraine narrative breaking down. The New York Times has an article on how poorly the famed Foreign Legion has been acting. Lots of big-mouthed You-tubers/attention-seeking ex-US Mil types going over and getting enmeshed in the corruption .
Made up of volunteers from around the world, its been a target for Russian derision on occasions, but its strange to see the NYT taking it apart.
“This gruelling war has had very little about it that draws a smile, but at least we’ll always have the story of an odious imperial spinmeister flying to Ukraine to fight the Russians only to go home in disgrace while being spurned by his fellow propagandists after acting like an infantile troll.”
https://caitlinjohnstone.com/2023/03/26/msnbc-pundit-goes-to-fight-in-ukraine-acts-like-a-disruptive-troll-and-leaves/
11
Earth Hour tonight – lights on!
92
Darn, wish I’d known. I still have some stage lights, but they are in the storage shed… somewhere ! 🙁
31
Blackout here. Significant?
31
Power back on about 9:45 pm. All back to normal this morning.
01
Mechanical gears in an organism. (Discovered 2013.)
https://youtu.be/Q8fyUOxD2EA
101
Incredible! Thanks David.
50
Just a little rant about the Clown Show* we are all force fed nowadays.
Especially since the ultimate historic FUBAR of the ‘Pandemic’.
*(Brilliant work GEC.)
Its is popular for public, energy efficient bulbs like Piers Morgan, when apologizing for ridiculous public declarations like, ‘you are a Science denying criminal if you don’t comply with vax mandates’ …
to attempt a reputation save by saying …
“the ‘Science’ changed”.
So we transitioned from “it’s settled” to “it’s changed”.
Gawd.
Didn’t change, it wasn’t there in the first place.
Guess ‘Science’ is trans.
What is they’s new pronouns?
“They’s settled”.
“They’s changed”.
Hopefully, Science will produce a TikTok video to clear things up.
Trans Science Matters
Thank you.
I feel better now.
Send in the Clowns.
100
Maybe “science change”
is the next big deep state boondoggle.
“stop climate change!”
“stop science change!”
50
I was thinking that ‘science’ was the unique singular reality the does not ‘change’.
Maybe that’s why I can relate.
Until the wife dictates it.
I do know some ‘scientists’ that can barely make change.
And some engineering PhDs that can’t change a tire.
But I only graduated 15th grade.
But perhaps the great mistake of the era of ‘Science’ is that we are capable of grasping the immutable construct.
That’s why I am a Styrofoamian.
The ants are incapable of understanding the life giving cooler floating in the sky, its’ true purpose and construction.
50
probably what is required is a tax on “science change”
and maybe a mandatory restriction of blood flow to the brain
30
Some natural, non-GMO Chairman of the Board
https://youtu.be/1UJtMG7Eexk
for you’re Sunday pleasure.
It’s Sunday on the proper side of the ball anyway.
30
Berlin is holding a referendum on bringing climate target earlier.
https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/03/26/berlin-votes-on-more-ambitious-climate-targets-can-it-catch-up-with-other-european-capital
20
I hope there is less idiocy in Berlin as I fear and they realised that Green policy is harmfull in all aspects.
10
Seems it runs well against referendum at the moment. 😀
10
No referendum in Berlin, not enough pro votes. 😀
10
Yep, Notrickszone is posting results updates, looks like so few people bothered to vote (most people just don’t care?) that although the ayes will win, it won’t be enough to implement the policy.
https://notrickszone.com/2023/03/26/climate-neutral-already-by-2030-berliners-to-vote-on-climate-neutrality-referendum-today/
20
Eminent Oxford Scientist Says Wind Power “Fails On Every Count”
It could be argued that the basic arithmetic showing wind power is an economic and societal disaster in the making should be clear to a bright primary school child.
Now the Oxford University mathematician and physicist, researcher at CERN and Fellow of Keble College, Emeritus Professor Wade Allison has done the sums. The U.K. is facing the likelihood of a failure in the electricity supply, he concludes.
“Wind power fails on every count,” he says, adding that governments are ignoring “overwhelming evidence” of the inadequacies of wind power, “and resorting to bluster rather than reasoned analysis”.
Professor Allison’s dire warnings are contained in a short paper recently published by the Global Warming Policy Foundation. – 10 Pages
He notes that the energy provided by the Sun is “extremely weak”, which is why it was unable to provide the energy to sustain even a small global population before the Industrial Revolution with an acceptable standard of living. A similar point was made recently in more dramatic fashion by the nuclear physicist Dr. Wallace Manheimer. He argued that the infrastructure around wind and solar will not only fail, “but will cost trillions, trash large portions of the environment and be entirely unnecessary”.
In his paper, Allison concentrates on working out the numbers that lie behind the natural fluctuations in the wind. The full workings out are not complicated and can be assessed from the link above. He shows that at a wind speed of 20mph, the power produced by a wind turbine is 600 watts per square metre at full efficiency. To deliver the same power as the Hinkley Point C nuclear plant – 3,200 million watts – it would require 5.5 million square metres of turbine swept area.
Professor Allison has done his sums based on basic physics and freely available information. “Whichever way you look at it, wind power is inadequate. It is intermittent and unreliable; it is exposed and vulnerable; it is weak with a short life-span,” he concludes.
130
Huh!
Who would have thought?
Tony.
140
I disagree. Wind power is very successful in driving up energy costs and ripping off tax-payers. It’s also very good at being inefficient, an eyesore, and a vast consumer of rare-earth elements.
20
When satire becomes reality: Nearly 100 Babylon Bee joke stories have come true
Kassy Dillon
https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/satire-reality-nearly-100-babylon-bee-joke-stories-come-true
80
The Bee is a lot of fun …..up there with JPSears for satire and a really good laugh ….btw JPs recent effort on banking.crises for dummies is sensational work.
00
5 years after ESA listing as ‘threatened’ due to sea ice loss polar bears are abundant & thriving
From Polar Bear Science
Susan Crockford
https://wattsupwiththat.com/2023/03/26/15-years-after-esa-listing-as-threatened-due-to-sea-ice-loss-polar-bears-are-abundant-thriving/
60
Germany Rebels Against EU Ban on Petrol Cars
From NOT A LOT OF PEOPLE KNOW THAT
By Paul Homewood
https://wattsupwiththat.com/2023/03/26/germany-rebels-against-eu-ban-on-petrol-cars/
60
Most of us here actively fight hard against the anthropogenic global warming fraud and the covid “vaccine” fraud.
And yet Australians are SO STUPID that they continue to vote for Labor.
Admittedly, Liberals (pretend conservatives) are not much better but they are slightly less bad.
What hope does Australia have?
91
Not so much. Albanese became PM with a lower vote than Shorten received!
He is PM by default, nothing more. People are reallly dissatisfied with both major parties, both woke. Blue collar workers have been abandoned by Labor and the Unions, we saw with John Setka and friends turning the fire hoses on their own paid up members.
The real Liberal/National Party problem is that they are even more Woke than the Greens, apologising for Australia even existing, taking the knee, welcome to country, gay kangaroos.
At least the Communist, opportunist Greens are just playing a game to get power, like Adam Bandt who has not the slightest care about Green. His motto is tell them what they want to hear and when we get power we do what we like. And the Teals are even more deluded thinking they are saving the planet when they are the overeducated privileged Tesla driving dills.
I expect Liberals/National actually believe there are votes in Land rights for Gay Whales and Aboriginal disabled parents without partners. And the Teals seem to confirm that, the bien pensant.
The real votes are in people who make a stand against the tyranny of the Twitterati.
21
“What hope does Australia have?”
None really, it is built into the system. They allow two major parties that are basically the same, and a third smaller party to soak up dissenting voters. Until the system changes, the parties involved will never change.
I cannot see a party gaining power on the back of freedom of expression, personal responsibility, a radically shrunken Govt & a policy of private sector growth without Govt interference. Those were the policies that built the country and got it to where it is.
31
What causes the tides is the same power that runs our weather events. We can see this with the pattern of tides around tidal nodes. With these nodes the surrounding beaches take turns with high tides in an anti-cyclonic pattern in the south and a cyclonic pattern in the north. The water can store but cannot earth the electrical energy buildup as readily as the land. It’s difficult to talk about electrical behaviour without personification:
So the electricity causes the water to create high tides in a circular pattern. Building up then drawing down this capacitor. The moon acts like a heartbeat on the timing of all this but these patterns are not gravitational.
04
Agreed, the gravity of the situation should not be ignored.
32
Sarc.
00
Cables Keith? You are talking about electrical conductors. But we need electrical resistors. Or else we can’t account for the heat and light. So if we had conductors rather than resistors our model would be incomplete.
00
Careful… you will be arguing for an electrical universe soon!
” – The negative charge continually explodes electrically in the photosphere as solar wind which never stops. Its high velocity of typically 750km/s would need 24million Kelvin to be emitted thermally! But the solar surface is only 6000K hot.
– 11-yearly, positively charged matter appears on the solar surface (as ” footpoints “). Its concentrated charge overbalances the electrons and emits itself into the space as positive filaments, corona, flares, mass ejections . This positive matter contains ions and no mysterious heating produces these ions. ”
It can’t be right, I’m sure the science is settled!
http://www.the-electric-universe.info/the_electric_sun.html
11
It would require a huge capacity cable run the sun on electricity.
00
We have a solar wind don’t we? That’s electricity. You can have a buildup of electrify like in a capacitor. But other forms of electricity are moving electrons or moving ions. You could call protons an ion of hydrogen. Moving protons are moving charged particles, and this is electricity It’s not like you can convert it to electricity it’s already electricity.
So it’s not like you have to join this or that camp. But when we are talking about space in an inner solar system we are talking about an environment awash in electricity. You can’t say otherwise without lying.
00
Dr John Campbell and Dr Clancy on TGA report on covid
https://youtu.be/pYkN7Gdpl8w
10
BBC pushing insects.
https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1751129/countryfile-backlash-edible-insects
11
The Left are promoting insect consumption (for non-Elites only) as a “solution” to a non-existent “problem”.
They see the “problem” as meat and the unacceptable luxury and abundance provided to non-Elites by capitalism and modern agriculture. They want us to eat poverty food.
31
Via Peter Sweden newsletter –
Italy bans insect products in pasta and pizza
10
The simple explanation.
What did the Voice in a Canberra pub say?
It’s your shout of course
31
FWIW
“Senator Rennick, full interview Dr. John Campbell
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8kaXrEQB5M ”
And
Dr John Campbell and Dr Clancy on TGA covid report
https://youtu.be/pYkN7Gdpl8w
31
As I said at #10 above, Senator Rennick is one of less than a handful of Australian politicians, State or Federal, who actually have a clue.
71
With the Senator Rennick interview you can see the incompetence of the TGA in full view. It’s obviously no coincidence that Skerritt has since resigned as head of the TGA.
10
Skerritt’s farewell notice says:
https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-mark-butler-mp/media/professor-john-skerritt-retirement
[..]
He has become synonymous with, and the public face of, the Therapeutic Goods Administration.
During this time it was his reassurances that left Australians confident in the approval and regulation of medicines, vaccines and treatments.
[..]
20
Excerpt from Herald-Sun at following website:
https://www.reignitedemocracyaustralia.com.au/why-tga-head-john-skeritt-must-go/
Why TGA Head John Skeritt must go over vaccine claim – a headline from MSM?
Reignite Democracy Australia
November 12, 2021
Why hasn’t adjunct professor John Skerritt resigned or been sacked as head of the Therapeutic Goods Administration, the body that approves – and supposedly monitors – the Covid vaccines?
Back in August, when approving the Moderna vaccine, while standing next to the prime minister at Parliament House, Skerritt made a patently false – and what’s more, a ludicrously false – claim about its effectiveness.
It was a claim that has not been withdrawn or ‘clarified’ by the TGA since. It throws into serious question the competence of the TGA and our ability to trust it to provide effective regulation of the vaccines and Covid medications more broadly.
Skerritt said that the vaccine was 100 per cent effective against death. Not 99 per cent or even 99.9 per cent, or even a more generalised ‘almost 100 per cent’. But an absolutely unqualified 100 per cent.
These are his exact words, taken from the transcript of the press conference at the PM’s website. “Moderna is even after six months, it’s proving to be 93 per cent efficacious against any infection, 98 per cent against severe disease and 100 per cent against death”.
20
The federal politicians really just talk a load of drivel, don’t they? Most people wouldn’t even know what the TGA was, or at least heard of them prior to COVID. I work with a similar federal agency and was told by one of their staff that during that late 2020/ early 2021 period ( review of the vaccine applications) that some of their staff had been temporarily recruited to the TGA. But those staff were not sufficiently trained in medical virology, vaccinology or anything pertinent to the review. In effect, all they did was read documents. So, then the TGA were able to pronounce they had “reviewed” the document. Big rubber stamp.
40
Lies to the end. ToM
20
Chris Mitchell in the Oz, music to my ears.
‘Media’s carbon omissions fuel climate hype.
‘Long-term readers of United Nations climate forecasting could be forgiven for concluding its scientists must be able to distinguish between good carbon dioxide and bad carbon dioxide.’
60
“Who Noticed Earth Hour This Year?”
https://wattsupwiththat.com/2023/03/26/who-noticed-earth-hour-this-year/
30
I knew it was on and I meant to post a reminder here for Jo Novians to turn on all their lights in a public celebration of coal and gas-fired electricity (or in mature countries, coal, gas and nuclear).
31
I can claim a double –
1. Lights went on
2. Lights have been replaced with LEDS, so more light and less power used
10
When did Australia last have all mainland states under Labor regimes?
11
Between 6 March 2002 (when Mike Rann (Labor) succeeded as Premier of South Australia) and 23 September 2008, when Colin Barnett (Lab) succeeded Alan Carpenter as Premier of Western Australia, there were Labor Premiers in all six of the Australian states (and Chief Ministers in both territories);
This was only the second time a party or coalition has ever achieved this. A comparable feat was achieved by the Coalition between 26 May 1969 and 2 June 1970.
10
I think you typo’d Barnett was Lib
00
Thanks Graeme.
00
20
Australia is there
https://www.zerohedge.com/markets/which-countries-hold-most-us-debt
10
Australia’s total government debt (federal, state and local) is currently A$1.680 trillion and increasing at a frightening rate.
https://australiandebtclock.com.au/
01
That is only “on the books” debt, it doesn’t include “off the books” debt.
“On the books” debt is money the government has already borrowed, spent and owes. “Off the books” debt includes money the govt is legally obligated to spend but hasn’t fallen due yet. Together they make up “total debt”.
As of May 2021 federal govt total debt was $$1.6 trillion. Both QLD and VIC had total debt in excess $1 trillion. NSW, SA and TAS are also hopelessly in debt. Only WA is solvent.
As a nation we are irretrievably bankrupt.
42
All parties agreeing to kill off the oil/gas industry in Australia will no doubt hurt WA’s bottom line.
21
Honduras is out.
00
John Cadogan on the dangers of EV battery fires. Fire fighters getting permanently disabled from cobalt poisoning. Basically you come across an EV fire, you get up wind immediately. It made that picture early in the thread interesting.
He also mentions that insurance companies are writing off EV batteries after minor accidents, as they cant tell if the battery has been damaged.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fhHQ202FZtU&t=416s
30
https://medium.com/thebeammagazine/cobalt-the-toxic-hazard-in-lithium-batteries-that-puts-profit-before-people-and-the-planet-ae5a63e0f57c
40
Here is Bob the science guy making excuses for why there is no ocean moon bulge. Really it’s a set of distractions more than any sane arguments. But the animation of the way high tides sometimes rotate around a nodal point is quite interesting. It’s really about the systematic earthing of excess electrical energy.
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=fOQ8vtqvCUY
12
Everything Bob says here is wrong and ridiculous. But it sounds kind of plausible when you run through it the first time.
00
Despite the Australian Government spending vast amounts of money on what they call “science”, including the CSIRO, virtually all Australian Government decisions are made without any objective scientific opinions whatsoever. The only scientific opinions they get are what “scientists” in government (tax payer) funded organisations expect the government wants to hear. I.e. woke, and following the narrative or “consensus opinion”.
21
Is there now a glut of vitamin I?
At the height of the scare I contacted an Indian drug distributor but unsure of customs and being able to get quercetin I never placed an order. Now well over a year later I get a sales pitch in the mail with a number of manufacturers and strengths available and mostly $1 a strip [unsure of currency] but it’s a hell of a lot cheaper.
Can’t paste a screen shot so I’ll try plain text.
*YOU ENQUIRED FOR IVERMECTIN.*
*Please find product details below:*
1. Iverheal 3mg::$1 per strip (10 pills)
2. Iverheal 6mg::$1.25 per strip (10 pills)
3. Iverheal 12mg::$1.50 per strip (10 pills)
4. Ivermectol 12mg::$1.25 per strip (2 pills)
5. Covimectin 12mg::$1.25 per strip (10 pills)
6. Iverjohn 12mg::$1 per strip (10 pills)
7. Ivecop 12mg::$0.43 per strip (1 pill)
8. Iverbest 6/12mg::$1.50 per strip (10 pills)
9. Iverwon 6/12mg::$1.50 per strip (10 pills)
10. Ivejuv Ivermectin 6mg::$1.50 per strip (10 pills)
11. Iverfast 12mg::$0.30 per strip (1 pill)
*Shipping::EXTRA*
31
Yet it is still banned for prophylaxis or treatment of covid in Australiastan.
And presumably it will remain banned for the next release of covid.
We are governed by fools.
21
I have ordered and received a couple of orders of ” T shirts” from our Indian friends. All with no problems. It is cheap, but those prices look ultra low.
20
Did the border Gestapo open it?
00
They did not.
00
I put $100 on 6 Z-kits & 100 Vit-I tablets a couple of years back. I expected to lose the lot, but no, it arrived safely with undisturbed packaging.
It actually had the contents listed in an illegible scrawl on the box, so I figure the Gestapo were just over-whelmed at the time.
00
https://www.zerohedge.com/energy/eu-ban-russian-fuel-leads-diesel-glut-asia
A diesel gut they say, in Asia they say. That’s that place just north of us where we import most of our fuel from isnt it?
20
We get our refined product out of Singapore specifically. Are they a signatory to the sanctions? Are they breaking sanctions and pocketing the difference when selling to sanctioning countries?
00
Two minute video.
Segregated Alabama chain gang singing, 1960’s.
https://youtu.be/zjun2qQb3QY
10
Anyone see the last Dr John Campbell episodes TGA features big time
20
I posted links above.
10
If anyone watched this and found Bob’s explanations to be plausible, it would be that you just watched it one time before looking into the subject. Pretty much everything Bob days here is borderline crazy and made up to try and fit the facts into the moon bulge model. And he fired these made up things so fast one after the other that you would have to write an essay length critique to clean up the mess.
00