Tuesday Open Thread

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73 comments to Tuesday Open Thread

  • #
    Slithers

    This was off topic and moved from another thread. Please try to stay on topic. – J

    Join the dots.
    What’s it Worth?
    This is a join the dots essay, contains very little evidence, but points to a serious problem with modern financial governance. There is no real beginning and certainly we are not yet at the end of this trail of suspicious dots. So, I will begin with this link: -https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/3091185/kingold-jewelry-secures-usus-28-billion-loans-gold-plated-copper
    Now this set my logicians brain to looking under rocks.
    Herein are some of the dots I discovered when really looking, in a similar sequence to my search.
    1/. How many gold bars in Eighty-Five tons of gold?
    Well for a start there is no definition of the sort of tons being refered to so I had to assume one thousand Kilograms. This assumption has inherent and possible errors so from here on in I accepted those errors and pressed on.
    2/. Gold Bullion to the tune of all those billions of loans that it secured was a not insignificant pile of gold bars, So I looked up Bullion at this link : –
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullion
    Yes I use Wiki, quite often but always check and cross check the data provided.
    This led me on a merry chase about Troy ounces and the ‘Gold Standard’ and the physical size/ weight of ‘Fine Gold Ingots’ of gold.
    I concluded that 85t was a lot of ingots as 400 Troy ounces seemed to be the most common as accepted by government and major financial institutions like the IMF.
    My back of envelope calculations arrived at around 6832 Ingots.
    3/. In the Bullion trade all ‘Fine Gold Ingots’ have a serial number/ identity. They are moved around here and there but never actually used to make jewellery or gold coins except by official Mints or manufacturing Jewellers like ‘Kingold’.
    4/. Now to fabricate that many copper ingots and then gold plate them, with exactly the right shape and weight as well as identity marks requires some effort. It is not something you can do on that scale in your garage. Nor is it something done as a one a day production process. You need a factory!
    5/. Looking into ‘Kingold’ the propietory, a very rich Chines man was once an official at a ‘Gold Factory’ in Wuhan.
    6/. That person was previously a high ranked person in the PLA and that ‘Gold Factory’ was one of the assets liberated by the PLA.
    7/. ‘Kingold’ was set up in 2002 when the CCP restructured some of its national banking assets.
    8/. At this point my imagination got the better of me and I reasoned that if the PLA and or the CCP had a factory that could produce 85t of gold plated copper bars, why would they stop at 85t!
    9/. Copper is also traded internationally and with the large production of electric devices China must use a lot of copper so how much and when did China begin importing copper?
    10/. China produces copper (1656t in 2017)
    11/. China imports over 25% of the worlds copper.
    12/. China has over 1000t of gold reserves.
    13/. The IMF has 3200t.
    14/. In 2011 China was the world leader in Gold production 23%, yet in 1980 it was way down the list of producers at 2%. Strange that we did not hear about some major discoveries of easy to recover gold in China. Where are those new gold mines?
    15/. This leads me to some dreadfully pessimistic thoughts about all that Chinese gold. What if most of it is Copper Plated Gold bars?
    16/. ‘Fine Gold Ingots’ are tested for purity mostly by spectroscopic analysis. Testing by specific density belongs to days of yore and even testing 85t of gold bullion represents a significant task doing it the old-fashioned way.
    17/. The Electro-plating method produces a ‘Skin’ of fine gold that will pass the spectroscopic test.
    18/. If it looks like a duck, quacks like a duck, swims like a duck, then it’s a duck! Have the world’s financial institutions accepted ‘Fine Gold Ingots’ using this truism?

    Who you going to trust?

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    • #
      JanEarth

      Slithers

      That’s why you should be buying BTC.

      Take care

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    • #
      Deano

      One problem is that gold more than twice as heavy as copper. Someone would notice. But the again in China, you wouldn’t dare say anything!

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  • #
    Dennis

    From 2021 all Electric Vehicles registered in NSW must have a blue sticker marked EV attached to the front and rear number plates, like LPG equipped vehicles carry a red sticker.

    Interstate EV driving in NSW must also display the blue EV sticker.

    Obviously the authorities are aware that despite global sales of EV being a tiny percentage of the total vehicle fleets they have a serious potential hazard issue, exothermic reaction in the Lithium ion batteries. A bumped floor pan containing the batteries, a collision with another vehicle or stationary object even rapid charging on a hot day could result in sizzling batteries followed by a catastrophic inferno. Overseas EV fires have been known to restart hours after being extinguished, and that requires huge quantities of cold water to reduce heat to access the source of the fire.

    “Exothermic reactions are reactions that release energy into the environment in the form of heat. Exothermic reactions feel warm or hot or may even be explosive”

    In Australia an EV Road Tax is being prepared to recover revenue lost via liquid fuel excise/tax for road maintenance.

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    • #
      RickWill

      I wonder how many EVs other than Teslas catch fire on collision. Toyota has been making hybrids for more than two decades and there is no exceptional fire risk with those. Now hybrids will need to display the warning sticker as well following th Tesla fires.

      It is difficult for me to believe that Tesla is the highest capitalised car maker in the world. They are selling jazzed up Chinese like oversized battery powered skateboards with all the inherent issues that those skateboards have and yet the US stock market has managed to make them the most valuable car maker on the globe. Even Musk cannot believe his luck.

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      • #
        Dennis

        It is not only collision danger, other vehicle involved or stationary object hit, I read about a Canadian Tesla S driver who drove on a gravel road going to a fishing spot and the EV bottomed out along the road hitting the floor pan hard.

        He was walking away after stopping and parking and heard sizzling sounds coming from his car, and then an explosion and fire, and the car was a write off.

        Another article described EV fires and the wreck igniting again many hours after the original fire was extinguished and the EV towed to a wrecking yard.

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      • #
        Dennis

        NSW Transport

        Safety labels for electric, hybrid and hydrogen vehicles

        From 1 July 2020, all electric, hybrid and hydrogen light vehicles are legally required to have a safety label fixed to the front and rear number plates. This expands the previous requirement introduced on 1 October 2019, which only applied to light vehicles modified or manufactured after 1 January 2019.

        Electric, hybrid and hydrogen heavy vehicles manufactured or modified after 1 January 2019 also require the labels.

        The registered operators of all electric, hybrid and hydrogen vehicles will receive a letter with the labels and instructions on how to affix them, when their vehicle is first registered.

        The labels will help Emergency Services staff and first responders in the event of a crash. Vehicles can be quickly identified as having an electric or hydrogen component, so specific procedures can be followed to make the incident safer for everyone.

        It is the registered operator’s responsibility to ensure the labels are affixed correctly and clearly displayed at all times. Penalties, including a defect notice and/or fine, may apply from 1 January 2021 to vehicles which do not comply.

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      • #
        Greg in NZ

        RickWill, as an electric skateboard owner/rider I’m offended by your comparison of such wonderful toys (for we old surfers who never grew up) to those toy cars called Tesla, hyped up by hot air and other people’s money.

        Unlike Elon’s nightmarish egotistical dream machines, as a road skater I have to be FULLY awake and in control if I want to make it home in one piece. Besides, gravity sucks… for free. 🙂

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        • #
          RickWill

          I did state “oversized”. Teslas are behemoths so they are humongously inefficient compared with a normal Chinese battery powered skateboard – agreed. But the skateboards are prone to fires just like Teslas.

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    • #
      DonS

      Speaking of EVs I see Tesla is now the largest motor vehicle maker in the world (by value). The share price jumped another 10% just yesterday. Makes you wonder who would invest in a company that has never shown a profit, fails to meet production and sales targets and is constantly warned by stock exchange regulators about what it tells investors and what it actually achieves.

      After 12 years of the Federal Reserve printing money there seems to be a lot extra cash in the markets that is inflating the value of junk stock like Tesla. Investors who what to buy the idea of a product and are not concerned with the actual value of a stock appear to be diving the markets now.

      With stock markets at record levels and totally disconnected from the real economy I worry that when this bubble bursts we will long for the good old days when a virus was our biggest problem.

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    • #
      David Wojick

      It is exotic chemical energy we are dealing with, something the chemical hating greens choose to ignore.

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    • #
      Graeme#4

      I believe that the instructions Tesla has provided for fire authorities are to back off and let the car burn. One damaged Tesla towed to a police yard in the U.S. reignited three times.

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      • #
        Chad

        Vert thoughtful advice from Tesla….
        …..just hope no one is trapped in the vehicle then !

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  • #
    RickWill

    I expect CV19 will be a large factor in elections for the next year or so. Dan, the man in Victoria, is looking quite fragile right now. AFL football is an all encompassing religion for many in Victoria. The people’s church has migrated to other States. Dan did not look so bad when all Australian States were struggling but with only Victoria in the poo through Dan’s bad management it does not bode well. Plus he has influencers in his own party out to get him and the major infrastructure projects are not progressing well for him.

    USA has only started its CV19 battle with the number of cases hitting new peaks every week now. The increasing numbers are already causing stress in some hospitals and it is only the start. None of that bodes well for POTUS Trump re-election.

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    • #
      PeterW

      https://youtu.be/cSKjcltDkng

      Seems interesting.
      There is a lot being left out when the model for COVID spread assumes that the whole population is a blank slate.

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      • #
        RickWill

        The video really highlights how deadly CV19 really is. In just 2 months in Europe it wiped out more soles than the whole of the flue season in the worst of previous years. And that was with the vast number of Europeans confined to their homes. Imagine the death toll if there were no quarantines and the virus rampage through the entire community.

        There is nothing that looks promising for the USA. The CV19 cases are now increasing rapidly every week. Some hospitals in Florida, Texas. Nevada, Arizona and a few others locations are now at capacity. There are triage decisions being made that will limit the level of health care available to an increasing number of people – it is an unfolding disaster.

        One of my sons has just been allocated to the COVID team in a large Melbourne hospital. He has very little do so far but the numbers now seeking hospital care is rising rapidly. Dan should be sacked for mismanaging the hotel quarantine but I am glad he is following the advice of the health officers and making home quarantine mandatory across Melbourne.

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        • #
          Richard Ilfeld

          I am not certain you are reading the data correctly. While our hospitals in Florida are filling up again, they are doing so with elective and normal
          procedures and illnesses. We normally run them at 70% – 80% of non-surge capacity, and control building and beds to achieve this. In Florida, I believe we are
          less than 30% COVID, and deaths are stable or declining, while the median age of infection is below 40 and still dropping. The overt politicization of every story in our media to the detriment of the truth is the real disaster.
          But I am not sure, because the effort to find accurate and timely data is significant. The left has decided COVID can be laid upon the current administration and suffering will help their election. We shall have to wait until November 4 for any semblance of accurate medical reporting to return.

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        • #
          PeterW

          Rick..

          You are assuming – yet again – that the whole population is a blank slate, that everyone is equally likely to be infected and to die.
          You are also assuming that the lockdown was effective.

          Assuming that which you seek to prove is a basic logical fallacy.

          It is equally possible – if not highly probable – that a very large proportion of the population is not particularly vulnerable and that the WuFlu is behaving like a typical seasonal flu bug.

          No-one has yet identified a population in which COVID has behaved as you take for granted it would in the absence heavy-handed government intervention. Not even on those much-lamented cruise ships.

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    • #
      RickWill

      Victoria now in lockdown for another 6 weeks. Will be disappointed if Dan survives this fiasco. His management shows glaring failures.

      It may eventually come out but I wonder how many security guards at motel quarantines could read english written instructions.

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      • #
        robert rosicka

        Save yourselves we are a lost cause , get the big green shed to supply the materials needed to build a wall (just not using timber from vicforests) , the wall build is in their handy how to guide .

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  • #
    PeterW

    Lockdown again in Vic. Closed border with NSW and threats to lock us down north of the Murray if the border closure isn’t enough.

    Yes… I know mistakes were made.
    Lockdowns and quarantines would be a lot easier if were weren’t dealing with human beings, but we are. Just one more example of the distance between theory and practice.

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    • #
      Dennis

      New song to be released apparently: South Of The Wall.

      Sung by a Dodgy Dan and The Deceivers backed by a CFMMEU Victoria choir.

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    • #
      robert rosicka

      Proof that the Labor government here in Victoriastan watch Black Adder , they have come up with a Baldrick cunning plan to get corruption off the front page and out of the news .

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  • #
    Global Cooling

    Ruling class wants to make people’s life miserable to keep their privileges. Locked down within a destroyed economy and fighting outside you don’t start new businesses. You just vote the ones who promise to print more money and look like you.

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    • #
      Dennis

      I understand that crony capitalists are creating wealth based on socialism masquerading as environmentalism, behind which is far-left Marxism and fellow travellers.

      History repeating, if they succeed.

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  • #

    I fully expect an announcement from Premier Andrews this afternoon that says “No further lockdowns are going to be imposed in Victoria. With effect from midnight tonight, all existing restrictions will be lifted. We have learned that a dictatorial approach has no place in Victoria. There is nothing the Government can do to kill off this virus. It is up to individual people to take their own precautions – you know what they are: keep clean, keep your distance, wash hands, take particular care of the elderly. A perpetual cycle of lockdowns being eased then reimposed would only be the suggestion of a lunatic. To all Victorians, I apologize for the chaos and damage I have caused to the people of this State for the past 4 months. It was pointless and very damaging. I recognize that. I have notified the Governor of my intention to stand down as Premier forthwith, and I will leave politics as soon as practicable.”

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  • #
    Dennis

    I read that wind farm operator Infigen Energy in Australia has been sold recently (shareholding), I believe that at least one of their “farms” is close to reaching replacement of wind turbine equipment stage?

    The history is interesting to read from USA to Australia, and to consider what the future holds for wind and solar businesses generally as time passes?

    https://stopthesethings.com/2017/03/13/born-lucky-stars-align-perfectly-for-pms-son-with-mammoth-bet-on-wind-power-outfit-infigen/

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  • #

    Oh dear!

    The two States with the largest wind power Nameplate in the Country, Victoria (2774MW) and South Australia, (2142MW) make up 64% of Australia’s current total Nameplate for wind generation. (7728MW)

    The current total power generation (at 2.50PM) for both States combined comes in at 47MW, (and falling) so they are operating at 0.95% Capacity Factor (CF), so less than one in every hundred of those huge wind towers actually has the blades out front turning around. So that’s around 25 out of 2600 of those individual wind towers delivering electricity.

    That’s from 40 Wind Plants ………. 47MW.

    So, across those two States, wind generation is delivering 0.51% of all generated power in those two States, so, umm, barely distinguishable from ZERO.

    Remind me again how much we paid for all these wind plants.

    Across the whole of Australia, the total Nameplate for wind changed to 7728MW at the end of May. The highest it has been since then is 4900MW, and that’s at a CF of 63%, and that was for one five minute reading.

    Tony.

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    • #
      Dennis

      But they are getting cheaper, aren’t they?

      lol

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    • #
      TedM

      Does anyone manage to get this into the heads of our techno zero Pollies. I absolutely despair whenever I look into the matter of solar and wind. As a major power source, they are a total com.

      Another good post from Tony.

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      • #
        Dennis

        It annoys me that politicians and renewables industry people use Installed/Nameplate Capacity for sales and marketing purposes, and ignore the real world performance that the AEMO rates as Capacity factor of 30 to 35 per cent of Installed/Nameplate.

        Including claims about the percentage of baseload energy from so called renewables deliberately exaggerated to make people think that renewables are increasingly making power stations obsolete.

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    • #
      RickWill

      It is not for want of trying. Dan is blowing as hard as he can right now in the hope of surviving the next 6 weeks.

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    • #
      el gordo

      The centre of the high pressure is too far south in the Austral winter, real climate change wasn’t factored in.

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      • #
        PeterW

        Right or wrong, the more they claim to be able to predict how the climate will change, the more responsible they are for not allowing for it.

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    • #
      AndyG55

      Looks like SA might be heading for YET ANOTHER 100% GAS evening !

      What a waste of time and money they really are !

      NSW and Qld will probably need close to 100% COAL + GAS as well. (maybe a tiny amount of hydro)

      Vic, a mix of brown coal, gas and hydro.

      There is basically no wind in the whole of the NEM. !

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      • #
        robert rosicka

        It’s been foggy here all day no sun no wind and very cold , where the Glenrowan solar farm is being built it’s exactly the same .
        Looks like the weather soothsayers got it wrong again .

        https://www.eldersweather.com.au/local-forecast/vic/wangaratta

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        • #
          RickWill

          Looks like the weather soothsayers got it wrong again

          They did not count on climate change – that is the result of a cooling world. If the temperature record was not subject to the influences of homogenisation, based on gauges influenced by heat island effect, then the present cooling would be more readily recognised. The BoM will need a complete change of personnel before the temperature is permitted to cool.

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  • #
    theRealUniverse (in NZ)

    No surprising data here..
    https://www.iceagenow.info/arctic-sea-ice-controlled-by-solar-cycles/
    https://www.iceagenow.info/arctic-ocean-periodically-ice-free-6000-to-7000-years-ago/
    More articles on recent Sea Ice surveys. Only honest Met service around the globe seems to be the Danish one.
    This was interesting old news Id forgotton although Id heard bout it when I was a kid. “American nuclear submarines surfaced at an almost ice-free North Pole in 1959 and 1962. And yet by the 1999, the same region was an almost impenetrable field of sea ice.” Must have been to all those big American cars of that era belching CO2…

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  • #

    ok, so my prediction above at #5 turned out to be wrong. He, and his medical ‘expert’, are now back to ‘you’re all gonna DIE unless we do this’ mode. Thick as two short planks.

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  • #
    Serp

    People’s Republic of China has built the database for its directly subject population and appears to have acquired other nations’ data through several episodes of audacious rerouting of internet traffic; I shouldn’t be surprised to learn that China holds a more complete audit of my identity than do our internal authorities. Your cell is being prepared citizen Serp…

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  • #
    R.B.

    Excuse me for putting this up again but I was wondering if anyone is collecting dodgy Berkely Earth stuff. This is my contribution.
    I’ve noticed a few dodgy things there like
    Mildura Airport.
    http://berkeleyearth.lbl.gov/stations/151971

    They did not notice the move 10km from the PO to the Airport in the mid 40s.

    And they actually have one for Mildura PO, separately

    http://berkeleyearth.lbl.gov/stations/4054

    Compare differences from regional expectations.

    The periods before 1945 have huge half of a degree differences in the estimated station bias (red line) at the airport, but this is PO data. In the PO data, it’s almost 0 for the whole period.

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  • #
    el gordo

    Moisture in Mexico has been flat lining over the past 400 years, unaffected by CO2.

    http://www.co2science.org/articles/V23/jun/a8.php

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  • #
    beowulf

    OK, fess up. How many of you have been microwaving your library books? Naughty. DO NOT microwave your library books folks.

    American libraries have been forced to tell their patrons not to microwave books to sterilise them of coronavirus after books were returned in a charred condition internally.

    https://au.yahoo.com/news/why-people-are-microwaving-library-books-030251836.html

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  • #
    beowulf

    The Soiled Underwear Award goes to:

    Queensland ute driver going 100kph uses knife to battle brown snake trying to bite him between his legs

    https://www.msn.com/en-au/news/australia/queensland-ute-driver-going-100kph-uses-knife-to-battle-brown-snake-trying-to-bite-him-between-his-legs/ar-BB16q0D0?ocid=msedgdhp

    It didn’t get him but it was striking at the seat between his legs.

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  • #
    yarpos

    So my wife sort of gets her wish. She has been wanting Melbourne fenced off for weeks. Sadly it a softly , softly approach. She was sorta hoping for boom gates, razor wire and guard towers.

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  • #
    el gordo

    The new WestConnex M8 tunnel is 33 kms long, the same distance under the blue Mountains would reach the Megalong Valley. I’m thinking very fast rail, what have they done with the borers?

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    • #
      David-of-Cooyal-in-Oz

      Sorry eg,
      That 33 kms is their whole network of roads and tunnels. The new tunnels are either 2 x 4 kms, or maybe 9 kms(!).
      https://www.westconnex.com.au/M4-M5LinkTunnels
      Not enough for Penrith to Lithgow.
      Cheers
      Dave B

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      • #
        el gordo

        Thanks Dave, I had a brain fade, not even enough from Lapstone to Hazelbrook.

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        • #
          Dennis

          However, on a flight to Singapore 1990s an Australia based US mining engineer outlined to me his opinion on an alternative to the extended Sydney sewage ocean outfall being constructed by the Carr Labor NSW Government.

          Tunnels through the Great Dividing Range (Blue Mountains) for road, rail and sewage/stormwater, the latter pumped to “sewage farms” for purification for irrigation farming purposes.

          Since that time $ billions have been spent widening and reconstructing the Great Western Highway over the Blue Mountains.

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      • #
        Graeme#4

        Have travelled in the world’s longest road tunnel, 27 kms, in Norway. The have built stopping points into tunnel sections for folks that find the long underground run a bit disconcerting.

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  • #
    David Wojick

    House “Climate Crisis Committee” issues massive meaningless wish list
    By David Wojick
    https://www.cfact.org/2020/07/07/house-climate-crisis-committee-issues-massive-meaningless-wish-list/

    The beginning: “The U.S. House “Selects Committee on the Climate Crisis” is a symbolic committee, not a real one. It cannot draft and introduce legislation, which is what House Committees do. It is more of a study group and as such it has produced a study. Well sort of. The document in question is not a Committee report. It is not even a Committee staff report. It is just a report by the Democrat half of the staff. In fact technically it is just a report to the nine Democrats on the Committee.

    But for a nothing little report it is very big, detailed and wildly ambitious. In fact it dwarfs all previous nut bar climate action proposals I have ever seen.

    In a way the title shouts it all — “SOLVING THE CLIMATE CRISIS“.

    The subtitle is truly grand — “The Congressional Action Plan for a Clean Energy Economy and a Healthy, Resilient, and Just America“. Not just a plan, it is “the” plan.

    The Plan itself is a whopping 547 pages long. The table of contents has over 100 entries, poking into many different parts of our economy and society. The detail, while foolish, is impressive. There is not a lot of fluff here.

    To begin with, much of it is about just two things. First, making electric power net zero carbon emissions by 2040, which cannot possibly be done. Second, converting most other forms of combustion usage and power, especially transportation and industry, to being heated and powered with electricity. This means that the new electrical grid, intermittently powered by wind and sun, will have to provide something like twice as much reliable juice as today’s fossil fuelled system. It cannot be done.

    The impossible goal is for the entire American economy to be net zero emissions by 2050.

    But that is all just on the side of stopping climate change. There is also a whole bunch of things about dealing with it, because the hot models say that no matter how much we restrict or impoverish ourselves, we got it coming.

    Of course all these things cost big money, but hey that means jobs, right? Democrats think costs are benefits because somebody gets the money. Where all this money comes from is not a consideration.”

    There is lots more in the full article.

    Please share this.

    David

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  • #
    el gordo

    Telstra and Platinum have taken over Delux, sackings became the order of the day.

    ‘Tom Gores’ Platinum Equity has acquired the distribution business of Deluxe Entertainment Services.

    ‘Financial terms were not disclosed. Deluxe Entertainment’s creative businesses are not included in the acquisition.’

    Deadline

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    • #
      Graeme#4

      Thanks Dennis. That was a very damming indictment of the wasted billions spent on renewables in Germany. Great article.

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  • #
    OriginalSteve

    A very real question – how far has the Victorian version of the virus mutated and what is its lethality now?

    The reason I ask is that are the lockdowns truly warranted, if its not as lethal as it used to be?

    https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200602/COVID-19-has-become-less-deadly-in-Italy-health-expert-says.aspx

    “An Italian health expert and the head of the San Rafaelle Hospital in Milan, Alberto Zangrillo, said that the virus, which causes the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), clinically no longer exists in Italy.

    “The swabs that were performed over the last ten days showed a viral load in quantitative terms that was absolutely infinitesimal compared to the ones carried out a month or two months ago,” he added.

    “He also urged the government to continue easing quarantine and lockdown measures, saying that the warnings that the country will have a second wave is sparking panic among residents. Further, he added that the country is now returning to normal.

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      Kalm Keith

      Come on Steve, politicians are having too much fun to allow reality to intrude. They might get another three months out of this yet.

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  • #
    el gordo

    ‘Exiled members of China’s Uighur minority have submitted hundreds of pages of evidence to the International Criminal Court alleging genocide and crimes against humanity — the first attempt to use international law to hold President Xi accountable for atrocities in Xinjiang province.’ SCMP

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    el gordo

    ‘Australia has the most China-dependent economy in the developed world and it has benefitted hugely from this. From 1991 to 2019, Australia experienced 28 years of uninterrupted growth – a record in the OECD. China has played a pivotal role in this achievement. China was also crucial in helping Australia to maintain growth during the Global Financial Crisis around a decade ago, an achievement matched by few others.

    ‘How then has Australia careened into this spasm of Sino-confrontation?’

    China Daily

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  • #
    Kalm Keith

    The recent tragic drowning of a fit your Olympian shows the importance of keeping CO2 levels to a reasonable level.

    This diagram is interesting:

    http://joannenova.com.au/2020/07/why-its-time-to-get-emotional-about-climate-psychology/#comment-2345596

    KK

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