<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
	xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
		>
<channel>
	<title>Comments on: DeSmog accidentally vindicates The Skeptics Handbook</title>
	<atom:link href="http://joannenova.com.au/2009/03/desmog-accidentally-vindicates-the-skeptics-handbook/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://joannenova.com.au/2009/03/desmog-accidentally-vindicates-the-skeptics-handbook/</link>
	<description>Tackling tribal groupthink</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Wed, 23 May 2012 08:07:29 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<sy:updatePeriod>hourly</sy:updatePeriod>
	<sy:updateFrequency>1</sy:updateFrequency>
	<generator>http://wordpress.org/?v=3.3.1</generator>
	<item>
		<title>By: Paul</title>
		<link>http://joannenova.com.au/2009/03/desmog-accidentally-vindicates-the-skeptics-handbook/#comment-110089</link>
		<dc:creator>Paul</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 22 Oct 2010 08:59:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://joannenova.com.au/?p=959#comment-110089</guid>
		<description>BobC @113

Yes, I noticed how old the thread is, but I&#039;m relatively new to this site, though I have followed the discussion for much longer elsewhere. It&#039;s hard for me to keep up on many fronts so I am commenting here while reading here.

Paul</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>BobC @113</p>
<p>Yes, I noticed how old the thread is, but I&#8217;m relatively new to this site, though I have followed the discussion for much longer elsewhere. It&#8217;s hard for me to keep up on many fronts so I am commenting here while reading here.</p>
<p>Paul</p>
<hr class="comment-divider" /><p class="comment-report">
				<span id="reportcomment_results_div_110089"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="reportComment_AddTextArea( 110089 );" title="Report this comment" rel="nofollow">Report this</a></span>
				<span id="reportcomment_comment_div_110089"></span>
			</p><p class="comment-rating"><a href="#" class='ckup' id='karma-110089-up' title="Thumb up" >0</a><a href="#" class='ckdn' id='karma-110089-down' title="Thumb down"  >0</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: BobC</title>
		<link>http://joannenova.com.au/2009/03/desmog-accidentally-vindicates-the-skeptics-handbook/#comment-109353</link>
		<dc:creator>BobC</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 21 Oct 2010 05:10:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://joannenova.com.au/?p=959#comment-109353</guid>
		<description>&lt;blockquote&gt;Paul @112: Wow, just wow!

I’ve just now read the PDF you referred to...&lt;/blockquote&gt; 
Holey Mackeral Paul!  That was over a year and a half ago!

&lt;blockquote&gt;His arguments are lucid, backed by real data and confirmed by the close agreement of the results from the many natural experiments that he has conducted. &lt;/blockquote&gt;

Yeah, real data beats playstation modeling any day.  The entire AGW enterprise has gotten so far from science that many papers now claim that model results are &lt;strong&gt;empirical data&lt;/strong&gt;!  Susan Soloman recently published a paper concluding that CO2 lifetime in the atmosphere was thousands of years.  She came to that conclusion by analyzing many theoretical models.  She didn&#039;t bother to consider the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.co2web.info/ESEF3VO2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;36 actual empirical measurement studies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; done in the last 50 years, all of which showed lifetimes &lt; 15 years, with a mean of ~7.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>Paul @112: Wow, just wow!</p>
<p>I’ve just now read the PDF you referred to&#8230;</p></blockquote>
<p>Holey Mackeral Paul!  That was over a year and a half ago!</p>
<blockquote><p>His arguments are lucid, backed by real data and confirmed by the close agreement of the results from the many natural experiments that he has conducted. </p></blockquote>
<p>Yeah, real data beats playstation modeling any day.  The entire AGW enterprise has gotten so far from science that many papers now claim that model results are <strong>empirical data</strong>!  Susan Soloman recently published a paper concluding that CO2 lifetime in the atmosphere was thousands of years.  She came to that conclusion by analyzing many theoretical models.  She didn&#8217;t bother to consider the <a href="http://www.co2web.info/ESEF3VO2.pdf" rel="nofollow"><strong>36 actual empirical measurement studies</strong></a> done in the last 50 years, all of which showed lifetimes &lt; 15 years, with a mean of ~7.</p>
<hr class="comment-divider" /><p class="comment-report">
				<span id="reportcomment_results_div_109353"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="reportComment_AddTextArea( 109353 );" title="Report this comment" rel="nofollow">Report this</a></span>
				<span id="reportcomment_comment_div_109353"></span>
			</p><p class="comment-rating"><a href="#" class='ckup' id='karma-109353-up' title="Thumb up" >1</a><a href="#" class='ckdn' id='karma-109353-down' title="Thumb down"  >0</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Paul</title>
		<link>http://joannenova.com.au/2009/03/desmog-accidentally-vindicates-the-skeptics-handbook/#comment-109187</link>
		<dc:creator>Paul</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 20 Oct 2010 23:02:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://joannenova.com.au/?p=959#comment-109187</guid>
		<description>@BobC @13

Wow, just wow!

I&#039;ve just now read the PDF you referred to which shows, from real-world measurements and results confirmed by hundreds of scientific papers, that the GCMs overstate the likely warming from a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide by orders of magnitude.

In fact, the most likely result of the doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide, given the various cooling effect that enhanced CO2 has on plant-life, both oceanic and land-based, would be the status-quo, i.e. no increase in surface temperatures at all.

Just the bibliography of papers referred to extends for several pages.

&lt;blockquote&gt;LITERATURE CITED
Adams DF, Farwell SO, Robinson E, Pack MR, Bamesberger
WL (1981) Biogenic sulfur source strengths. Environ Sci
Tech 15:1493–1498
Albrecht BA (1988) Modulation of boundary layer cloudiness
by precipitation processes. In: Proceedings: Symposium
on the role of clouds in atmospheric chemistry and global
climate. American Meteorological Society, Boston, p 9–13
Andreae MO, Berresheim H, Andreae TW, Kritz MA, Bates
TS, Merril JT (1988) Vertical distribution of dimethylsulfide,
sulfur dioxide, aerosol ions and radon over the northeast
Pacific Ocean. J Atmos Chem 6:149–173
Andreae MO, Crutzen PJ (1997) Atmospheric aerosols: biogeochemical
sources and role in atmospheric chemistry.
Science 276:1052–1058
Bacastow RB, Keeling CD, Whorf TP (1985) Seasonal amplitude
increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration at
Mauna Loa, Hawaii, 1959–1982. J Geophys Res 90:
10540–10592
Bahcall JN, Shaviv G (1968) Solar models and neutrino fluxes.
Astrophys J 153:113–126
Baker MB (1997) Cloud microphysics and climate. Science
276:1072–1078
Baliunas S, Jastrow R (1990) Evidence for long-term brightness
changes of solar-type stars. Nature 348:520–522
Baliunas SL, Soon WH (1996) The sun-climate connection.
Sky Telescope 92(6):38–41
Baliunas SL, Soon WH (1998) An assessment of the sun-climate
relation on time scales of decades to centuries: the
possibility of total irradiance variations. In: Pap JM,
Frohlich C, Ulrich R (eds) Proceedings of the SOLERS22
1996 Workshop. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
(in press)
Barkstrom BR (1984) The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment
(ERBE). Bull Am Meteorol Soc 65:1170–1185
Bates TS, Charlson RJ, Gammon RH (1987) Evidence for the
climatic role of marine biogenic sulphur. Nature 329:
319–321
Batjes NH, Sombroek WG (1997) Possibilities for carbon
sequestration in tropical and subtropical soils. Global
Change Biol 3:161–173
Behrenfeld MJ, Bale AJ, Kolber ZS, Aiken J, Falkowski P
(1996) Confirmation of iron limitation of phytoplankton
photosynthesis in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature
383:508–511
Bennett I (1975) Variation of daily solar radiation in North
America during the extreme months. Arch Meteorol Geophys
Bioclimatol Ser B 23:31–57
Betts AK, Harshvardhan (1987) Thermodynamic constraint
on the cloud liquid water feedback in climate models.
J Geophys Res 92:8483–8485
Bigg EK (1973) Ice nucleus concentrations in remote areas.
J Atmos Sci 30:1153–1157
Bigg EK (1990) Measurement of concentrations of natural ice
nuclei. Atmos Res 25:397–408
Bigg EK (1996) Ice forming nuclei in the high Arctic. Tellus
48B:223–233
Bonsang B, Nguyen BC, Gaudry A, Lambert G (1980) Sulfate
enhancement in marine aerosols owing to biogenic sulfur
compounds. J Geophys Res 85:7410–7416
Brost RA, Lenschow DH, Wyngaard JC (1982) Marine stratocumulus
layers. Part II. Turbulence budgets. J Atmos Sci
39:818–836
Cess RD, Zhang MH, Minnis P, Corsetti L, Dutton EG, Forgan
BW, Garber DP, Gates WL, Hack JJ, Harrison EF, Jing X,
Kiehl JT, Long CN, Morcrette JJ, Potter GL, Ramanathan
V, Subasilar B, Whitlock CH, Young DF, Zhou Y (1995)
Absorption of solar radiation by clouds: observations versus
models. Science 267:496–499
Ceulemans R, Mousseau M (1994) Effects of elevated atmospheric
CO2 on woody plants. New Phytol 127:425–446
Charlock TP (1981) Cloud optics as a possible stabilizing fac-
77
Clim Res 10: 69–82, 1998
tor in climate change. J Atmos Sci 38:661–663
Charlock TP (1982) Cloud optical feedback and climate stability
in a radiative-convective model. Tellus 34:245–254
Charlson RJ, Bates TS (1988) The role of the sulfur cycle in
cloud microphysics, cloud albedo, and climate. In: Proceedings:
Symposium on the role of clouds in atmospheric
chemistry and global climate. American Meteorological
Society, Boston, p 1–3
Charlson RJ, Lovelock JE, Andreae MO, Warren SG (1987)
Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulfur, cloud albedo
and climate. Nature 326:655–661
Charvatova I, Strestik J (1995) Long-term changes of the surface
air temperature in relation to solar internal motion.
Clim Change 29:333–352
Cleveland WS, Frenny AE, Graedel TE (1983) The seasonal
component of atmospheric CO2: information from new
approaches to the decomposition of seasonal time-series.
J Geophys Res 88:10934–10940
Coakley JA, Bernstein RL, Durkee PA (1987) Effect of shipstack
effluents on cloud reflectivity. Science 237:
1020–1022
Coale KH, Johnson KS, Fitzwater SE, Gordon RM, Tanner S,
Chavez FP, Ferioli L, Sakamoto C, Rogers P, Millero F,
Steinberg P, Nightingale P, Cooper D, Cochlan WP,
Landry MR, Constantinou J, Rollwagen G, Trasvina A,
Kudela R (1996) A massive phytoplankton bloom induced
by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the
equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 383:495–501
Cure JD, Acock B (1986) Crop responses to carbon dioxide
doubling: a literature survey. Agric For Meteorol 8:
127–145
Curtis PS, Balduman LM, Drake BG, Whigham DF (1990) Elevated
atmospheric CO2 effects on below ground processes
in C3 and C4 estuarine marsh communities. Ecology 71:
2001–2006
Dacey JWH, Wakeham SG (1988) Oceanic dimethylsulfide:
Production during zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton.
Science 233:1314–1316
Dai A, Del Genio AD, Fung IY (1997) Clouds, precipitation
and temperature range. Nature 386:665–666
Dean JS (1994) The medieval warm period on the southern
Colorado Plateau. Clim Change 26:225–241
Douglas MW, Maddox RA, Howard K (1993) The Mexican
monsoon. J Clim 6:1665–1677
Drake BG (1992) The impact of rising CO2 on ecosystem production.
Water Air Soil Pollut 64:25–44
Duce RA, Mohnen VA, Zimmerman PR, Grosjean D,
Cautreels W, Chatfield R, Jaenicke R, Ogsen JA, Pillizzari
ED, Wallace GT (1983) Organic material in the global troposphere.
Rev Geophys Space Phys 21:921–952
Durkee PA (1988) Observations of aerosol-cloud interactions
in satellite-detected visible and near-infrared radiance. In:
Proceedings: Symposium on the role of clouds in atmospheric
chemistry and global climate. American Meteorological
Society, Boston, p 157–160
Eiler JM, Mojzsis SJ, Arrhenius G (1997) Carbon isotope evidence
for early life. Nature 386:665
Ellis JS, Vonder Haar TH, Levitus S, Oort AH (1978) The
annual variation in the global heat balance of the earth. J
Geophys Res 83:1958–1962
Eppley RW (1972) Temperature and phytoplankton growth in
the sea. Fish Bull 70:1063–1085
ERBE Science Team (1986) First data from the Earth Radiation
Budget Experiment (ERBE). Bull Am Meteorol Soc 67:
818–824
Ezer D, Cameron AGW (1965) A study of solar evolution. Can
J Phys 43:1497–1517
Foukal P, Lean J (1990) An empirical model of total solar irradiance
variation between 1874 and 1988. Science 247:
556–558
Friedli H, Lotscher H, Oeschger H, Siegenthaler U, Stauffer B
(1986) Ice core record of the 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric
CO2 in the past two centuries. Nature 324:237–238
Friedli H, Moor E, Oeschger H, Siegenthaler U, Stauffer B
(1984) Ice core record of the 13C/12C ratios in CO2
extracted from Antarctic ice. Geophys Res Lett 11:
1145–1148
Friis-Christensen E, Lassen K (1991) Length of the solar cycle:
An indicator of solar activity closely associated with climate.
Science 254:698–700
Godbold DL, Berntson GM (1997) Elevated atmospheric CO2
concentration changes ectomycorrhizal morphotype
assemblages in Betula papyrifera. Tree Physiol 17:
347–350
Goldman JC, Carpenter EJ (1974) A kinetic approach to the
effect of temperature on algal growth. Limnol Oceanogr
19:756–766
Gough DO (1981) Solar interior structure and luminosity variations.
Sol Phys 74:21–34
Graybill DA, Idso SB (1993) Detecting the aerial fertilization
effect of atmospheric CO2 enrichment in tree-ring
chronologies. Global Biogeochem Cycles 7:81–95
Grove JM (1988) The Little Ice Age. Routledge, London
Hales JE Jr (1972) Surges of maritime tropical air northward
over the Gulf of California. Mon Weather Rev 100:
298–306
Hales JE Jr (1974) Southwestern United States summer monsoon
source—Gulf of Mexico or Pacific Ocean? J Appl
Meteorol 13:331–342
Hart MH (1978) The evolution of the atmosphere of the Earth.
Icarus 33:23–29
Hatakeyama SD, Okuda M, Akimoto H (1982) Formation of
sulfur dioxide and methane sulfonic acid in the photo-oxidation
of dimethylsulfide in the air. Geophys Res Lett 9:
583–586
Haurwitz B, Austin JM (1944) Climatology. McGraw-Hill,
New York
Henderson-Sellers A (1986a) Cloud changes in a warmer
Europe. Clim Change 8:25–52
Henderson-Sellers A (1986b) Increasing cloud in a warming
world. Clim Change 9:267–309
Henderson-Sellers A, Cogley JG (1982) The Earth’s early
hydrosphere. Nature 298:832–835
Henderson-Sellers A, Henderson-Sellers B (1988) Equable
climate in the early Archaean. Nature 336:117–118
Heymsfield AJ, McFarquhar GM (1996) High albedos of cirrus
in the tropical Pacific warm pool: microphysical interpretations
from CEPEX and from Kwajalein, Marshall
Islands. J Atmos Sci 53:2424–2451
Hill FB, Aneja VP, Felder RM (1978) A technique for measurement
of biogenic sulfur emission fluxes. Environ Sci
Health 13:199–225
Holland HD (1984) The chemical evolution of the atmosphere
and oceans. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Hoyt DV, Schatten KH (1997) The role of the sun in climate
change. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Hudson JD (1983) Effects of CCN concentrations on stratus
clouds. J Atmos Sci 40:480–486
Hurrell JW, Trenberth KE (1997) Spurious trends in satellite
MSU temperatures from merging different satellite
records. Nature 386:164–167
Iben I (1969) The Cl37 solar neutrino experiment and the solar
helium abundance. Ann Phys 54:164–203
Idso KE (1992a) Plant responses to rising levels of atmospheric
78
Idso: A skeptic’s view of potential climate change
carbon dioxide: a compilation and analysis of the results of
a decade of international research into the direct biological
effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment. Office of Climatology,
Arizona State University, Tempe
Idso KE, Idso SB (1994) Plant responses to atmospheric CO2
enrichment in the face of environmental constraints: a
review of the past 10 years’ research. Agric For Meteorol
69:153–203
Idso SB (1980) The climatological significance of a doubling of
earth’s atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Science
207:1462–1463
Idso SB (1981a) A set of equations for full spectrum and 8–
14 μm and 10.5–12.5 μm thermal radiation from cloudless
skies. Water Resour Res 18:295–304
Idso SB (1981b) An experimental determination of the radiative
properties and climatic consequences of atmospheric
dust under non-duststorm conditions. Atmos Environ 15:
1251–1259
Idso SB (1982) A surface air temperature response function for
earth’s atmosphere. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 22:227–232
Idso SB (1984) An empirical evaluation of earth’s surface air
temperature response to radiative forcing, including feedback,
as applied to the CO2-climate problem. Arch Meteorol
Geophys Bioclimatol Ser B 34:1–19
Idso SB (1988a) The CO2 greenhouse effect on Mars, Earth,
and Venus. Sci Total Environ 77:291–294
Idso SB (1988b) Greenhouse warming or Little Ice Age
demise: a critical problem for climatology. Theor Appl Climatol
39:54–56
Idso SB (1990) A role for soil microbes in moderating the carbon
dioxide greenhouse effect? Soil Sci 149:179–180
Idso SB (1992b) The DMS-cloud albedo feedback effect:
greatly underestimated? Clim Change 21:429–433
Idso SB (1995) CO2 and the biosphere: the incredible legacy
of the Industrial Revolution. Department of Soil, Water &amp;
Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
Idso SB, Brazel AJ (1978) Climatological effects of atmospheric
particulate pollution. Nature 274:781–782
Idso SB, Kangieser PC (1970) Seasonal changes in the vertical
distribution of dust in the lower troposphere. J Geophys
Res 75:2179–2184
Idso SB, Kimball BA (1993) Tree growth in carbon dioxide
enriched air and its implications for global carbon cycling
and maximum levels of atmospheric CO2. Global Biogeochem
Cycles 7:537–555
Ineichen K, Wiemken V, Wiemken A (1997) Shoots, roots and
ectomycorrhiza formation of pine seedlings at elevated
atmospheric carbon dioxide. Plant Cell Environ 18:
703–707
Jenkins GS (1995) Early Earth’s climate: cloud feedback from
reduced land fraction and ozone concentrations. Geophys
Res Lett 22:1513–1516
Jongen M, Jones MB, Hebeisen T, Blum H, Hendrey G (1995)
The effects of elevated CO2 concentration on the root
growth of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens grown in
a FACE system. Global Change Biol 1:361–371
Kacholia K, Reck RA (1997) Comparison of global climate
change simulations for 2 ´ CO2-induced warming: an
intercomparison of 108 temperature change predictions
published between 1980 and 1995. Clim Change 35:53–69
Kasting JF (1997) Warming early Earth and Mars. Science
276:1213–1215
Kasting JF, Toon OB, Pollack JB (1988) How climate evolved
on the terrestrial planets. Scient Am 258(2):90–97
Kauppi PE, Mielikainen K, Kuusela K (1992) Biomass and carbon
budget of European forests, 1971–1990. Science 256:
70–74
Keeling CD, Chin JFS, Whorf TP (1996) Increased activity of
northern vegetation inferred from atmospheric CO2 measurements.
Nature 382:146–149
Keeling CD, Whorf TP, Wahlen M, van der Pilcht J (1995)
Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon
dioxide since 1980. Nature 375:666–670
Keeling CD, Whorf TP, Wong CS, Bellagay RD (1985) The
concentration of carbon dioxide at ocean weather station P
from 1969–1981. J Geophys Res 90:10511–10528
Keigwin LD (1996) Sedimentary record yields several centuries
of data. Oceanus 39(2):16–18
Kiehl JT (1994) On the observed near cancellation between
longwave and shortwave cloud forcing in tropical regions.
J Clim 7:559–565
Kimball BA (1983) Carbon dioxide and agricultural yield: an
assemblage and analysis of 770 prior observations. U.S.
Water Conservation Laboratory, Phoenix
Kimball BA, Idso SB, Aase JK (1982) A model of thermal radiation
from partly cloudy and overcast skies. Water Resourc
Res 18:931–936
Kreidenweis SM, Seinfeld JH (1988) Nucleation of sulfuric
acid-water and methanesulfonic acid-water solution particles:
implications for the atmospheric chemistry of
organosulfur species. Atmos Environ 22:283–296
LaMarche VC Jr, Graybill DA, Fritts HC, Rose MR (1984)
Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide: tree ring evidence
for growth enhancement in natural vegetation. Science
223:1019–1021
Lamb HH (1977) Climate history and the future. Methuen,
London
Lamb HH (1984) Climate in the last thousand years: natural
climatic fluctuations and change. In: Flohn H, Fantechi R
(eds) The climate of Europe: past, present and future. D.
Reidel, Dordrecht, p 25–64
Lamb HH (1988) Weather, climate and human affairs. Routledge,
London
Lawlor DW, Mitchell RAC (1991) The effects of increasing
CO2 on crop photosynthesis and productivity: a review of
field studies. Plant Cell Environ 14:807–818
Le Roy Ladurie E (1971) Times of feast, times of famine: a history
of climate since the year 1000. Doubleday, New York
Lean J, Beer J, Bradley R (1995) Reconstruction of solar irradiance
since 1610: implications for climate change. Geophys
Res Lett 22:3195–3198
Leavitt SW, Paul EA, Kimball BA, Hendrey GR, Mauney JR,
Rauschkolb R, Rogers H, Lewin KF, Nagy J, Pinter PJ Jr,
Johnson HB (1994) Carbon isotope dynamics of free-air
CO2-enriched cotton and soils. Agric For Meteorol 70:
87–101
Lemon ER (1983) CO2 and plants: the response of plants to rising
levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Westview Press,
Boulder
Leovy CB (1980) Carbon dioxide and climate. Science 210:
6–8
Lockwood GW, Skiff BA, Baliunas SL, Radick RR (1992) Longterm
solar brightness changes estimated from a survey of
sun-like stars. Nature 360:653–655
Longdoz B, Francois LM (1997) The faint young sun climatic
paradox: influence of the continental configuration and of
the seasonal cycle on the climatic stability. Global Planet
Change 14:97–112
Lovelock JE (1988) The ages of Gaia: a biography of our living
Earth. Norton, New York
Lovelock JE, Whitfield M (1982) Life span of the biosphere.
Nature 296:561–563
Lubin D (1994) The role of the tropical super greenhouse
effect in heating the ocean surface. Science 265:224–227
79
Clim Res 10: 69–82, 1998
MacTaggart DL, Adams DF, Farwell SO (1987) Measurement
of biogenic sulfur emissions from soils and vegetation
using dynamic enclosure methods: total sulfur gas emissions
via MFC/FD/FPD determinations. J Atmos Chem 5:
417–437
Madsen TV (1993) Growth and photosynthetic acclimation by
Ranunculus aquatilis L. in response to inorganic carbon
availability. New Phytol 125:707–715
Madsen TV, Sand-Jensen K (1994) The interactive effects of
light and inorganic carbon on aquatic plant growth. Plant
Cell Environ 17:955–962
McGuffie K, Henderson-Sellers A (1988) Is Canadian cloudiness
increasing? Atmos Ocean 26:608–633
McKay C (1983) Section 6. Mars. In: Smith RE, West GS (eds)
Space and planetary environment criteria guidelines for
use in space vehicle development. Marshall Space Flight
Center, Alabama
Meszaros E (1988) On the possible role of the biosphere in the
control of atmospheric clouds and precipitation. Atmos
Environ 22:423–424
Mojzsis SJ, Arrhenius G, McKeegan KD, Harrison TM, Nutman
AP, Friend CRL (1996) Evidence for life on Earth
before 3,800 million years ago. Nature 384:55–59
Mortensen LM (1987) Review: CO2 enrichment in greenhouses.
Crop responses. Sci Hort 33:1–25
Myneni RB, Keeling CD, Tucker CJ, Asrar G, Nemani RR
(1997) Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes
from 1981 to 1991. Nature 386:698–702
Newman MJ, Rood RT (1977) Implication of the solar evolution
for the Earth’s early atmosphere. Science 198:
1035–1037
Nguyen BC, Belviso S, Mihalopoulos N, Gostan J, Nival P
(1988) Dimethyl sulfide production during natural phytoplanktonic
blooms. Mar Chem 24:133–141
Nicholls S (1984) The dynamics of stratocumulus: aircraft
observations and comparisons with a mixed layer model.
Q J R Meteorol Soc 110:783–820
Nierenberg WA, Brewer PG, Machta L, Nordhaus WD, Revelle
RR, Schelling TC, Smagorinsky J, Waggoner PE,
Woodwell GM (1983) Synthesis. In: Changing climate:
Report of the carbon dioxide assessment committee.
National Academy Press, Washington, DC, p 5–86
Novakov T, Penner JE (1993) Large contribution of organic
aerosols to cloud-condensation-nuclei concentrations.
Nature 365:823–826
Nullet D (1987) Sources of energy for evaporation on tropical
islands. Phys Geogr 8:36–45
Nullet D, Ekern PC (1988) Temperature and insolation trends
in Hawaii. Theoret Appl Climatol 39:90–92
O’Neill EG (1994) Responses of soil biota to elevated atmospheric
carbon dioxide. Plant Soil 165:55–65
Owen T, Cess RD, Ramanathan V (1979) Enhanced CO2
greenhouse to compensate for reduced solar luminosity on
early earth. Nature 277:640–642
Oyama YI, Carle GC, Woeller F, Pollack JB (1979) Venus
lower atmospheric composition: analysis by gas chromatography.
Science 203:802–805
Paltridge GW (1980) Cloud-radiation feedback to climate. Q J
R Meteorol Soc 106:895–899
Pearman GI, Hyson P (1981) The annual variation of atmospheric
CO2 concentration observed in the northern hemisphere.
J Geophys Res 86:9839–9843
Petersen KL (1994) A warm and wet little climatic optimum
and a cold and dry little ice age in the southern Rocky
Mountains, U.S.A. Clim Change 26:243–269
Phillips OL, Gentry AH (1994) Increasing turnover through
time in tropical forests. Science 263:954–958
Pilewskie P, Valero FPJ (1995) Direct observations of excess
solar absorption by clouds. Science 267:1626–1629
Pimm SL, Sugden AM (1994) Tropical diversity and global
change. Science 263:933–934
Platt T, Sathyendranath S (1988) Oceanic primary production:
estimation by remote sensing at local and regional scales.
Science 241:1613–1620
Pollack JB (1979) Climate change on terrestrial planets. Icarus
37:479–553
Pollack JB, Toon OB, Boese R (1980) Greenhouse models of
Venus’ high surface temperature, as constrained by Pioneer
Venus measurements. J Geophys Res 85:8223–8231
Poorter H (1993) Interspecific variation in the growth
response of plants to an elevated ambient CO2 concentration.
Vegetatio 104–105:77–97
Ramanathan V (1988) The greenhouse theory of climate
change: a test by an inadvertent global experiment. Science
240:293–299
Ramanathan V, Collins W (1991) Thermodynamic regulation
of ocean warming by cirrus clouds deduced from observations
of the 1987 El Nino. Nature 351:27–32
Ramanathan V, Cess RD, Harrison EF, Minnis P, Barkstrom
BR, Ahmed E, Hartmann D (1989) Cloud-radiative forcing
and climate: results from the Earth Radiation Budget
Experiment. Science 243:57–63
Ramanathan V, Subasilar B, Zhang GJ, Conant W, Cess RD,
Kiehl JT, Grassl H, Shi L (1995) Warm pool heat budget
and shortwave cloud forcing: a missing physics? Science
267:499–503
Raval A, Ramanathan V (1989) Observational determination
of the greenhouse effect. Nature 342:758–761
Raven JA (1991) Physiology of inorganic C acquisition and
implications for resource use efficiency by marine phytoplankton:
relation to increased CO2 and temperature.
Plant Cell Environ 14:779–794
Raven JA (1993) Phytoplankton: limits on growth rates.
Nature 361:209–210
Reid GC (1993) Do solar variations change climate? EOS:
Trans Am Geophys Union 74:23
Rhea GY, Gotham IJ (1981) The effect of environmental factors
on phytoplankton growth: temperature and the interactions
of temperature with nutrient limitation. Limnol
Oceanogr 26:635–648
Riebesell U, Wolf-Gladrow DA, Smetacek V (1993) Carbon
dioxide limitation of marine phytoplankton growth rates.
Nature 361:249–251
Ringelberg DB, Stair JO, Almeida J, Norby RJ, O’Neill EG,
White D (1997) Consequences of rising atmospheric carbon
dioxide levels for the belowground microbiota associated
with white oak. J Environ Qual 26:495–503
Roeckner E (1988) A GCM analysis of the cloud optical depth
feedback. In: Proceedings: Symposium on the role of
clouds in atmospheric chemistry and global climate.
American Meteorological Society, Boston, p 67–68
Roeckner E, Schlese U, Biercamp J, Loewe P (1987) Cloud
optical depth feedbacks and climate modeling. Nature
329:138–140
Rogers HH, Runion GB, Krupa SV (1994) Plant responses to
atmospheric CO2 enrichment with emphasis on roots and
the rhizosphere. Environ Pollut 83:155–189
Roosen RG, Angione RJ (1984) Atmospheric transmission and
climate: results from Smithsonian measurements. Bull Am
Meteorol Soc 65:950–957
Rosinski J, Haagenson PL, Nagamoto CT, Parungo F (1986)
Ice-forming nuclei of maritime origin. J Aerosol Sci 17:
23–46
Rosinski J, Haagenson PL, Nagamoto CT, Parungo F (1987)
80
Idso: A skeptic’s view of potential climate change
Nature of ice-forming nuclei in marine air masses.
J Aerosol Sci 18:291–309
Sagan C, Chyba C (1997) The early faint sun paradox: organic
shielding of ultraviolet-labile greenhouse gases. Science
276:1217–1221
Sagan C, Mullen G (1972) Earth and Mars: evolution of
atmospheres and surface temperatures. Science 177:
52–56
Sakshaug E (1988) Light and temperature as controlling factors
of phytoplankton growth rate in temperate and polar
regions. EOS: Trans Am Geophys Union 69:1081
Saltzman ES, Savoie DL, Zika RG, Prospero JM (1983)
Methane-sulfonic acid in the marine atmosphere. J Geophys
Res 88:10897–10902
Sand-Jensen K, Pedersen MF, Laurentius S (1992) Photosynthetic
use of inorganic carbon among primary and secondary
water plants in streams. Freshwater Biol 27:
283–293
Saxena P, Hildemann LM, McMurry PH, Seinfeld JH (1995)
Organics alter hygroscopic behavior of atmospheric particles.
J Geophys Res 100:18755–18770
Saxena VK (1983) Evidence of the biogenic nuclei involvement
in Antarctic coastal clouds. J Phys Chem 87:4130
Saxena VK, Durkee PA, Menon S, Anderson J, Burns KL,
Nielsen KE (1996) Physico-chemical measurements to
investigate regional cloud-climate feedback mechanisms.
Atmos Environ 30:1573–1579
Schidlowski M (1988) A 3,800-million-year isotopic record of
life from carbon in sedimentary rocks. Nature 333:
313–318
Schneider SH, Kellogg WW, Ramanathan V (1980) Carbon
dioxide and climate. Science 210:6–8
Schnell RC, Vali G (1976) Biogenic ice nuclei. Part I. Terrestrial
and marine sources. J Atmos Sci 33:1554–1564
Schopf JW (1978) The evolution of the earliest cells. Scient
Am 239(3):110–138
Schopf JW, Barghourn ES (1967) Alga-like fossils from the
early Precambrian of South Africa. Science 156:507–512
Schwarzchild M, Howard R, Harm R (1957) Inhomogeneous
stellar models. V. A solar model with convective envelope
and inhomogeneous interior. Astrophys J 125:233–241
Scuderi LA (1993) A 2000-year tree ring record of annual temperatures
in the Sierra Nevada mountains. Science 259:
1433–1436
Sellers WD (1965) Physical climatology. University of Chicago
Press, Chicago
Serre-Bachet F (1994) Middle Ages temperature reconstructions
in Europe, a focus on Northeastern Italy. Clim
Change 26:213–224
Shapiro J (1997) The role of carbon dioxide in the initiation
and maintenance of blue-green dominance in lakes.
Freshwater Biol 37:307–323
Shaw GE (1983) Bio-controlled thermostasis involving the sulfur
cycle. Clim Change 5:297–303
Shaw GE (1987) Aerosols as climate regulators: a climatebiosphere
linkage? Atmos Environ 21:985–986
Shine KP, Derwent RG, Wuebbles DJ, Morcrette JJ (1990)
Radiative forcing of climate. In: Houghton JT, Jenkins GJ,
Ephraums JJ (eds) Climate change: the IPCC scientific
assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p
41–68
Slingo A (1990) Sensitivity of the Earth’s radiation budget to
changes in low clouds. Nature 343:49–51
Smagorinsky J, Armi L, Bretherton FP, Bryan K, Cess RD,
Gates WL, Hansen J, Kutzbach JE, Manabe S (1982) Carbon
dioxide and climate: a second assessment. National
Academy Press, Washington, DC
Somerville RCJ, Remer LA (1984) Cloud optical thickness
feedbacks in the CO2 climate problem. J Geophys Res 89:
9668–9672
Soon WH, Posmentier ES, Baliunas SL (1996) Inference of
solar irradiance variability from terrestrial temperature
changes, 1880–1993: an astrophysical application of the
sun-climate connection. Astrophys J 472:891–902
Spencer RW (1997) 1996: a preview of cooler days ahead. In:
Michaels PJ (ed) State of the climate report: essays on
global climate change. New Hope Environmental Services,
New Hope, p 14–17
Staubes R, Georgii HW, Ockelmann G (1989) Flux of COS,
DMS and CS2 from various soils in Germany. Tellus 41B:
305–313
Strain BR, Cure JD (1994) Direct effects of atmospheric CO2
enrichment on plants and ecosystems: an updated bibliographic
data base. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge
Szyrmer W, Zawadzki I (1997) Biogenic and anthropogenic
sources of ice-forming nuclei: a review. Bull Am Meteorol
Soc 78:209–228
Titus JE (1992) Submersed macrophyte growth at low pH. II.
CO2 sediment interactions. Oecologia 92:391–398
Titus JE, Feldman RS, Grise D (1990) Submersed macrophyte
growth at low pH. I. CO2 enrichment effects with fertile
sediment. Oecologia 84:307–313
Trenberth KE, Houghton JT, Meira Filho LG (1996) The climate
system: an overview. In: Houghton JT, Meira Filho
LG, Callander BA, Harris N, Kattenberg A, Maskell K
(eds) Climate change 1995: the science of climate change.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 51–64
Turner SM, Malin G, Liss PS, Harbour DS, Holligan PM (1988)
The seasonal variation of dimethyl sulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate
concentrations in nearshore waters.
Limnol Oceanogr 33:364–375
Turner SM, Nightingale PD, Spokes LJ, Liddicoat MI, Liss
PS (1996) Increased dimethyl sulphide concentrations in
sea water from in situ iron enrichment. Nature 383:
513–517
Twomey SA, Warner J (1967) Comparison of measurements of
cloud droplets and cloud nuclei. J Atmos Sci 24:702–703
Vairavamurthy A, Andreae MO, Iverson RL (1985) Biosynthesis
of dimethylsulfide and dimethylpropiothetin by
Hymenomonas carterae in relation to sulfur source and
salinity variations. Limnol Oceanogr 30:59–70
Valero FPJ, Collins WD, Pilewskie P, Bucholtz A, Flatau PJ
(1997) Direct radiometric observations of the water vapor
greenhouse effect over the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
Science 275:1773–1776
Vali G, Christensen M, Fresh RW, Galyan EL, Maki LR,
Schnell RC (1976) Biogenic ice nuclei. Part II: Bacterial
sources. J Atmos Sci 33:1565–1570
Villalba R (1994) Tree-ring and glacial evidence for the
medieval warm epoch and the little ice age in southern
South America. Clim Change 26:183–197
Walker JCG (1985) Carbon dioxide on the early Earth. Origins
Life 16:117–127
Walker JCG (1986) The Earth history: the several ages of the
Earth. Jones &amp; Bartlett, Boston
Warner J, Twomey SA (1967) The production of cloud nuclei
by cane fires and the effect on cloud droplet concentration.
J Atmos Sci 24:704–706
Warren SG, Schneider SH (1979) Seasonal simulation as a test
for uncertainties in the parameterizations of a Budyko-
Sellers zonal climate model. J Atmos Sci 36:1377–1391
Webster PJ, Stephens GL (1984) Cloud-radiation interaction
and the climate problem. In: Houghton JT (ed) The global
81
Clim Res 10: 69–82, 1998
climate. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 63–78
Went FW (1966) On the nature of Aitken condensation nuclei.
Tellus 18:549–555
Whyte ID (1995) Climatic change and human society. Arnold,
London
Wigley TML, Brimblecombe P (1981) Carbon dioxide, ammonia
and the origin of life. Nature 291:213–215
Wullschleger SD, Post WM, King AW (1995) On the potential
for a CO2 fertilization effect in forests: estimates of the
biotic growth factor based on 58 controlled-exposure studies.
In: Woodwell GM, Mackenzie FT (eds) Biotic feedbacks
in the global climatic system. Oxford University
Press, New York, p 85–107
Wullschleger SD, Norby RJ, Gunderson CA (1997) Forest
trees and their response to atmospheric CO2 enrichment: a
compilation of results. In: Allen LH Jr, Kirkham MB,
Olszyk DM, Whitman CE (eds) Advances in CO2 effects
research. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, p
79–100
Zak DR, Pregitzer KS, Curtis PS, Teeri JA, Fogel R, Randlett
DL (1993) Elevated atmospheric CO2 and feedback between
carbon and nitrogen cycles. Plant Soil 151:105–117
82
Editorial responsibility: Laurence Kalkstein,
Newark, Delaware, USA
Submitted: August 5, 1997; Accepted: January 22, 1998
Proofs received from author(s): February 24, 1998&lt;/blockquote&gt;

His arguments are lucid, backed by real data and confirmed by the close agreement of the results from the many natural experiments that he has conducted. 

This paper, more than anything else that I have read, reveals the inadequacy of the GCMs that are the only supposed evidence that confirms the AGW hypothesis.

Paul</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>@BobC @13</p>
<p>Wow, just wow!</p>
<p>I&#8217;ve just now read the PDF you referred to which shows, from real-world measurements and results confirmed by hundreds of scientific papers, that the GCMs overstate the likely warming from a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide by orders of magnitude.</p>
<p>In fact, the most likely result of the doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide, given the various cooling effect that enhanced CO2 has on plant-life, both oceanic and land-based, would be the status-quo, i.e. no increase in surface temperatures at all.</p>
<p>Just the bibliography of papers referred to extends for several pages.</p>
<blockquote><p>LITERATURE CITED<br />
Adams DF, Farwell SO, Robinson E, Pack MR, Bamesberger<br />
WL (1981) Biogenic sulfur source strengths. Environ Sci<br />
Tech 15:1493–1498<br />
Albrecht BA (1988) Modulation of boundary layer cloudiness<br />
by precipitation processes. In: Proceedings: Symposium<br />
on the role of clouds in atmospheric chemistry and global<br />
climate. American Meteorological Society, Boston, p 9–13<br />
Andreae MO, Berresheim H, Andreae TW, Kritz MA, Bates<br />
TS, Merril JT (1988) Vertical distribution of dimethylsulfide,<br />
sulfur dioxide, aerosol ions and radon over the northeast<br />
Pacific Ocean. J Atmos Chem 6:149–173<br />
Andreae MO, Crutzen PJ (1997) Atmospheric aerosols: biogeochemical<br />
sources and role in atmospheric chemistry.<br />
Science 276:1052–1058<br />
Bacastow RB, Keeling CD, Whorf TP (1985) Seasonal amplitude<br />
increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration at<br />
Mauna Loa, Hawaii, 1959–1982. J Geophys Res 90:<br />
10540–10592<br />
Bahcall JN, Shaviv G (1968) Solar models and neutrino fluxes.<br />
Astrophys J 153:113–126<br />
Baker MB (1997) Cloud microphysics and climate. Science<br />
276:1072–1078<br />
Baliunas S, Jastrow R (1990) Evidence for long-term brightness<br />
changes of solar-type stars. Nature 348:520–522<br />
Baliunas SL, Soon WH (1996) The sun-climate connection.<br />
Sky Telescope 92(6):38–41<br />
Baliunas SL, Soon WH (1998) An assessment of the sun-climate<br />
relation on time scales of decades to centuries: the<br />
possibility of total irradiance variations. In: Pap JM,<br />
Frohlich C, Ulrich R (eds) Proceedings of the SOLERS22<br />
1996 Workshop. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht<br />
(in press)<br />
Barkstrom BR (1984) The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment<br />
(ERBE). Bull Am Meteorol Soc 65:1170–1185<br />
Bates TS, Charlson RJ, Gammon RH (1987) Evidence for the<br />
climatic role of marine biogenic sulphur. Nature 329:<br />
319–321<br />
Batjes NH, Sombroek WG (1997) Possibilities for carbon<br />
sequestration in tropical and subtropical soils. Global<br />
Change Biol 3:161–173<br />
Behrenfeld MJ, Bale AJ, Kolber ZS, Aiken J, Falkowski P<br />
(1996) Confirmation of iron limitation of phytoplankton<br />
photosynthesis in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature<br />
383:508–511<br />
Bennett I (1975) Variation of daily solar radiation in North<br />
America during the extreme months. Arch Meteorol Geophys<br />
Bioclimatol Ser B 23:31–57<br />
Betts AK, Harshvardhan (1987) Thermodynamic constraint<br />
on the cloud liquid water feedback in climate models.<br />
J Geophys Res 92:8483–8485<br />
Bigg EK (1973) Ice nucleus concentrations in remote areas.<br />
J Atmos Sci 30:1153–1157<br />
Bigg EK (1990) Measurement of concentrations of natural ice<br />
nuclei. Atmos Res 25:397–408<br />
Bigg EK (1996) Ice forming nuclei in the high Arctic. Tellus<br />
48B:223–233<br />
Bonsang B, Nguyen BC, Gaudry A, Lambert G (1980) Sulfate<br />
enhancement in marine aerosols owing to biogenic sulfur<br />
compounds. J Geophys Res 85:7410–7416<br />
Brost RA, Lenschow DH, Wyngaard JC (1982) Marine stratocumulus<br />
layers. Part II. Turbulence budgets. J Atmos Sci<br />
39:818–836<br />
Cess RD, Zhang MH, Minnis P, Corsetti L, Dutton EG, Forgan<br />
BW, Garber DP, Gates WL, Hack JJ, Harrison EF, Jing X,<br />
Kiehl JT, Long CN, Morcrette JJ, Potter GL, Ramanathan<br />
V, Subasilar B, Whitlock CH, Young DF, Zhou Y (1995)<br />
Absorption of solar radiation by clouds: observations versus<br />
models. Science 267:496–499<br />
Ceulemans R, Mousseau M (1994) Effects of elevated atmospheric<br />
CO2 on woody plants. New Phytol 127:425–446<br />
Charlock TP (1981) Cloud optics as a possible stabilizing fac-<br />
77<br />
Clim Res 10: 69–82, 1998<br />
tor in climate change. J Atmos Sci 38:661–663<br />
Charlock TP (1982) Cloud optical feedback and climate stability<br />
in a radiative-convective model. Tellus 34:245–254<br />
Charlson RJ, Bates TS (1988) The role of the sulfur cycle in<br />
cloud microphysics, cloud albedo, and climate. In: Proceedings:<br />
Symposium on the role of clouds in atmospheric<br />
chemistry and global climate. American Meteorological<br />
Society, Boston, p 1–3<br />
Charlson RJ, Lovelock JE, Andreae MO, Warren SG (1987)<br />
Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulfur, cloud albedo<br />
and climate. Nature 326:655–661<br />
Charvatova I, Strestik J (1995) Long-term changes of the surface<br />
air temperature in relation to solar internal motion.<br />
Clim Change 29:333–352<br />
Cleveland WS, Frenny AE, Graedel TE (1983) The seasonal<br />
component of atmospheric CO2: information from new<br />
approaches to the decomposition of seasonal time-series.<br />
J Geophys Res 88:10934–10940<br />
Coakley JA, Bernstein RL, Durkee PA (1987) Effect of shipstack<br />
effluents on cloud reflectivity. Science 237:<br />
1020–1022<br />
Coale KH, Johnson KS, Fitzwater SE, Gordon RM, Tanner S,<br />
Chavez FP, Ferioli L, Sakamoto C, Rogers P, Millero F,<br />
Steinberg P, Nightingale P, Cooper D, Cochlan WP,<br />
Landry MR, Constantinou J, Rollwagen G, Trasvina A,<br />
Kudela R (1996) A massive phytoplankton bloom induced<br />
by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the<br />
equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 383:495–501<br />
Cure JD, Acock B (1986) Crop responses to carbon dioxide<br />
doubling: a literature survey. Agric For Meteorol 8:<br />
127–145<br />
Curtis PS, Balduman LM, Drake BG, Whigham DF (1990) Elevated<br />
atmospheric CO2 effects on below ground processes<br />
in C3 and C4 estuarine marsh communities. Ecology 71:<br />
2001–2006<br />
Dacey JWH, Wakeham SG (1988) Oceanic dimethylsulfide:<br />
Production during zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton.<br />
Science 233:1314–1316<br />
Dai A, Del Genio AD, Fung IY (1997) Clouds, precipitation<br />
and temperature range. Nature 386:665–666<br />
Dean JS (1994) The medieval warm period on the southern<br />
Colorado Plateau. Clim Change 26:225–241<br />
Douglas MW, Maddox RA, Howard K (1993) The Mexican<br />
monsoon. J Clim 6:1665–1677<br />
Drake BG (1992) The impact of rising CO2 on ecosystem production.<br />
Water Air Soil Pollut 64:25–44<br />
Duce RA, Mohnen VA, Zimmerman PR, Grosjean D,<br />
Cautreels W, Chatfield R, Jaenicke R, Ogsen JA, Pillizzari<br />
ED, Wallace GT (1983) Organic material in the global troposphere.<br />
Rev Geophys Space Phys 21:921–952<br />
Durkee PA (1988) Observations of aerosol-cloud interactions<br />
in satellite-detected visible and near-infrared radiance. In:<br />
Proceedings: Symposium on the role of clouds in atmospheric<br />
chemistry and global climate. American Meteorological<br />
Society, Boston, p 157–160<br />
Eiler JM, Mojzsis SJ, Arrhenius G (1997) Carbon isotope evidence<br />
for early life. Nature 386:665<br />
Ellis JS, Vonder Haar TH, Levitus S, Oort AH (1978) The<br />
annual variation in the global heat balance of the earth. J<br />
Geophys Res 83:1958–1962<br />
Eppley RW (1972) Temperature and phytoplankton growth in<br />
the sea. Fish Bull 70:1063–1085<br />
ERBE Science Team (1986) First data from the Earth Radiation<br />
Budget Experiment (ERBE). Bull Am Meteorol Soc 67:<br />
818–824<br />
Ezer D, Cameron AGW (1965) A study of solar evolution. Can<br />
J Phys 43:1497–1517<br />
Foukal P, Lean J (1990) An empirical model of total solar irradiance<br />
variation between 1874 and 1988. Science 247:<br />
556–558<br />
Friedli H, Lotscher H, Oeschger H, Siegenthaler U, Stauffer B<br />
(1986) Ice core record of the 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric<br />
CO2 in the past two centuries. Nature 324:237–238<br />
Friedli H, Moor E, Oeschger H, Siegenthaler U, Stauffer B<br />
(1984) Ice core record of the 13C/12C ratios in CO2<br />
extracted from Antarctic ice. Geophys Res Lett 11:<br />
1145–1148<br />
Friis-Christensen E, Lassen K (1991) Length of the solar cycle:<br />
An indicator of solar activity closely associated with climate.<br />
Science 254:698–700<br />
Godbold DL, Berntson GM (1997) Elevated atmospheric CO2<br />
concentration changes ectomycorrhizal morphotype<br />
assemblages in Betula papyrifera. Tree Physiol 17:<br />
347–350<br />
Goldman JC, Carpenter EJ (1974) A kinetic approach to the<br />
effect of temperature on algal growth. Limnol Oceanogr<br />
19:756–766<br />
Gough DO (1981) Solar interior structure and luminosity variations.<br />
Sol Phys 74:21–34<br />
Graybill DA, Idso SB (1993) Detecting the aerial fertilization<br />
effect of atmospheric CO2 enrichment in tree-ring<br />
chronologies. Global Biogeochem Cycles 7:81–95<br />
Grove JM (1988) The Little Ice Age. Routledge, London<br />
Hales JE Jr (1972) Surges of maritime tropical air northward<br />
over the Gulf of California. Mon Weather Rev 100:<br />
298–306<br />
Hales JE Jr (1974) Southwestern United States summer monsoon<br />
source—Gulf of Mexico or Pacific Ocean? J Appl<br />
Meteorol 13:331–342<br />
Hart MH (1978) The evolution of the atmosphere of the Earth.<br />
Icarus 33:23–29<br />
Hatakeyama SD, Okuda M, Akimoto H (1982) Formation of<br />
sulfur dioxide and methane sulfonic acid in the photo-oxidation<br />
of dimethylsulfide in the air. Geophys Res Lett 9:<br />
583–586<br />
Haurwitz B, Austin JM (1944) Climatology. McGraw-Hill,<br />
New York<br />
Henderson-Sellers A (1986a) Cloud changes in a warmer<br />
Europe. Clim Change 8:25–52<br />
Henderson-Sellers A (1986b) Increasing cloud in a warming<br />
world. Clim Change 9:267–309<br />
Henderson-Sellers A, Cogley JG (1982) The Earth’s early<br />
hydrosphere. Nature 298:832–835<br />
Henderson-Sellers A, Henderson-Sellers B (1988) Equable<br />
climate in the early Archaean. Nature 336:117–118<br />
Heymsfield AJ, McFarquhar GM (1996) High albedos of cirrus<br />
in the tropical Pacific warm pool: microphysical interpretations<br />
from CEPEX and from Kwajalein, Marshall<br />
Islands. J Atmos Sci 53:2424–2451<br />
Hill FB, Aneja VP, Felder RM (1978) A technique for measurement<br />
of biogenic sulfur emission fluxes. Environ Sci<br />
Health 13:199–225<br />
Holland HD (1984) The chemical evolution of the atmosphere<br />
and oceans. Princeton University Press, Princeton<br />
Hoyt DV, Schatten KH (1997) The role of the sun in climate<br />
change. Oxford University Press, Oxford<br />
Hudson JD (1983) Effects of CCN concentrations on stratus<br />
clouds. J Atmos Sci 40:480–486<br />
Hurrell JW, Trenberth KE (1997) Spurious trends in satellite<br />
MSU temperatures from merging different satellite<br />
records. Nature 386:164–167<br />
Iben I (1969) The Cl37 solar neutrino experiment and the solar<br />
helium abundance. Ann Phys 54:164–203<br />
Idso KE (1992a) Plant responses to rising levels of atmospheric<br />
78<br />
Idso: A skeptic’s view of potential climate change<br />
carbon dioxide: a compilation and analysis of the results of<br />
a decade of international research into the direct biological<br />
effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment. Office of Climatology,<br />
Arizona State University, Tempe<br />
Idso KE, Idso SB (1994) Plant responses to atmospheric CO2<br />
enrichment in the face of environmental constraints: a<br />
review of the past 10 years’ research. Agric For Meteorol<br />
69:153–203<br />
Idso SB (1980) The climatological significance of a doubling of<br />
earth’s atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Science<br />
207:1462–1463<br />
Idso SB (1981a) A set of equations for full spectrum and 8–<br />
14 μm and 10.5–12.5 μm thermal radiation from cloudless<br />
skies. Water Resour Res 18:295–304<br />
Idso SB (1981b) An experimental determination of the radiative<br />
properties and climatic consequences of atmospheric<br />
dust under non-duststorm conditions. Atmos Environ 15:<br />
1251–1259<br />
Idso SB (1982) A surface air temperature response function for<br />
earth’s atmosphere. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 22:227–232<br />
Idso SB (1984) An empirical evaluation of earth’s surface air<br />
temperature response to radiative forcing, including feedback,<br />
as applied to the CO2-climate problem. Arch Meteorol<br />
Geophys Bioclimatol Ser B 34:1–19<br />
Idso SB (1988a) The CO2 greenhouse effect on Mars, Earth,<br />
and Venus. Sci Total Environ 77:291–294<br />
Idso SB (1988b) Greenhouse warming or Little Ice Age<br />
demise: a critical problem for climatology. Theor Appl Climatol<br />
39:54–56<br />
Idso SB (1990) A role for soil microbes in moderating the carbon<br />
dioxide greenhouse effect? Soil Sci 149:179–180<br />
Idso SB (1992b) The DMS-cloud albedo feedback effect:<br />
greatly underestimated? Clim Change 21:429–433<br />
Idso SB (1995) CO2 and the biosphere: the incredible legacy<br />
of the Industrial Revolution. Department of Soil, Water &amp;<br />
Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul<br />
Idso SB, Brazel AJ (1978) Climatological effects of atmospheric<br />
particulate pollution. Nature 274:781–782<br />
Idso SB, Kangieser PC (1970) Seasonal changes in the vertical<br />
distribution of dust in the lower troposphere. J Geophys<br />
Res 75:2179–2184<br />
Idso SB, Kimball BA (1993) Tree growth in carbon dioxide<br />
enriched air and its implications for global carbon cycling<br />
and maximum levels of atmospheric CO2. Global Biogeochem<br />
Cycles 7:537–555<br />
Ineichen K, Wiemken V, Wiemken A (1997) Shoots, roots and<br />
ectomycorrhiza formation of pine seedlings at elevated<br />
atmospheric carbon dioxide. Plant Cell Environ 18:<br />
703–707<br />
Jenkins GS (1995) Early Earth’s climate: cloud feedback from<br />
reduced land fraction and ozone concentrations. Geophys<br />
Res Lett 22:1513–1516<br />
Jongen M, Jones MB, Hebeisen T, Blum H, Hendrey G (1995)<br />
The effects of elevated CO2 concentration on the root<br />
growth of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens grown in<br />
a FACE system. Global Change Biol 1:361–371<br />
Kacholia K, Reck RA (1997) Comparison of global climate<br />
change simulations for 2 ´ CO2-induced warming: an<br />
intercomparison of 108 temperature change predictions<br />
published between 1980 and 1995. Clim Change 35:53–69<br />
Kasting JF (1997) Warming early Earth and Mars. Science<br />
276:1213–1215<br />
Kasting JF, Toon OB, Pollack JB (1988) How climate evolved<br />
on the terrestrial planets. Scient Am 258(2):90–97<br />
Kauppi PE, Mielikainen K, Kuusela K (1992) Biomass and carbon<br />
budget of European forests, 1971–1990. Science 256:<br />
70–74<br />
Keeling CD, Chin JFS, Whorf TP (1996) Increased activity of<br />
northern vegetation inferred from atmospheric CO2 measurements.<br />
Nature 382:146–149<br />
Keeling CD, Whorf TP, Wahlen M, van der Pilcht J (1995)<br />
Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon<br />
dioxide since 1980. Nature 375:666–670<br />
Keeling CD, Whorf TP, Wong CS, Bellagay RD (1985) The<br />
concentration of carbon dioxide at ocean weather station P<br />
from 1969–1981. J Geophys Res 90:10511–10528<br />
Keigwin LD (1996) Sedimentary record yields several centuries<br />
of data. Oceanus 39(2):16–18<br />
Kiehl JT (1994) On the observed near cancellation between<br />
longwave and shortwave cloud forcing in tropical regions.<br />
J Clim 7:559–565<br />
Kimball BA (1983) Carbon dioxide and agricultural yield: an<br />
assemblage and analysis of 770 prior observations. U.S.<br />
Water Conservation Laboratory, Phoenix<br />
Kimball BA, Idso SB, Aase JK (1982) A model of thermal radiation<br />
from partly cloudy and overcast skies. Water Resourc<br />
Res 18:931–936<br />
Kreidenweis SM, Seinfeld JH (1988) Nucleation of sulfuric<br />
acid-water and methanesulfonic acid-water solution particles:<br />
implications for the atmospheric chemistry of<br />
organosulfur species. Atmos Environ 22:283–296<br />
LaMarche VC Jr, Graybill DA, Fritts HC, Rose MR (1984)<br />
Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide: tree ring evidence<br />
for growth enhancement in natural vegetation. Science<br />
223:1019–1021<br />
Lamb HH (1977) Climate history and the future. Methuen,<br />
London<br />
Lamb HH (1984) Climate in the last thousand years: natural<br />
climatic fluctuations and change. In: Flohn H, Fantechi R<br />
(eds) The climate of Europe: past, present and future. D.<br />
Reidel, Dordrecht, p 25–64<br />
Lamb HH (1988) Weather, climate and human affairs. Routledge,<br />
London<br />
Lawlor DW, Mitchell RAC (1991) The effects of increasing<br />
CO2 on crop photosynthesis and productivity: a review of<br />
field studies. Plant Cell Environ 14:807–818<br />
Le Roy Ladurie E (1971) Times of feast, times of famine: a history<br />
of climate since the year 1000. Doubleday, New York<br />
Lean J, Beer J, Bradley R (1995) Reconstruction of solar irradiance<br />
since 1610: implications for climate change. Geophys<br />
Res Lett 22:3195–3198<br />
Leavitt SW, Paul EA, Kimball BA, Hendrey GR, Mauney JR,<br />
Rauschkolb R, Rogers H, Lewin KF, Nagy J, Pinter PJ Jr,<br />
Johnson HB (1994) Carbon isotope dynamics of free-air<br />
CO2-enriched cotton and soils. Agric For Meteorol 70:<br />
87–101<br />
Lemon ER (1983) CO2 and plants: the response of plants to rising<br />
levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Westview Press,<br />
Boulder<br />
Leovy CB (1980) Carbon dioxide and climate. Science 210:<br />
6–8<br />
Lockwood GW, Skiff BA, Baliunas SL, Radick RR (1992) Longterm<br />
solar brightness changes estimated from a survey of<br />
sun-like stars. Nature 360:653–655<br />
Longdoz B, Francois LM (1997) The faint young sun climatic<br />
paradox: influence of the continental configuration and of<br />
the seasonal cycle on the climatic stability. Global Planet<br />
Change 14:97–112<br />
Lovelock JE (1988) The ages of Gaia: a biography of our living<br />
Earth. Norton, New York<br />
Lovelock JE, Whitfield M (1982) Life span of the biosphere.<br />
Nature 296:561–563<br />
Lubin D (1994) The role of the tropical super greenhouse<br />
effect in heating the ocean surface. Science 265:224–227<br />
79<br />
Clim Res 10: 69–82, 1998<br />
MacTaggart DL, Adams DF, Farwell SO (1987) Measurement<br />
of biogenic sulfur emissions from soils and vegetation<br />
using dynamic enclosure methods: total sulfur gas emissions<br />
via MFC/FD/FPD determinations. J Atmos Chem 5:<br />
417–437<br />
Madsen TV (1993) Growth and photosynthetic acclimation by<br />
Ranunculus aquatilis L. in response to inorganic carbon<br />
availability. New Phytol 125:707–715<br />
Madsen TV, Sand-Jensen K (1994) The interactive effects of<br />
light and inorganic carbon on aquatic plant growth. Plant<br />
Cell Environ 17:955–962<br />
McGuffie K, Henderson-Sellers A (1988) Is Canadian cloudiness<br />
increasing? Atmos Ocean 26:608–633<br />
McKay C (1983) Section 6. Mars. In: Smith RE, West GS (eds)<br />
Space and planetary environment criteria guidelines for<br />
use in space vehicle development. Marshall Space Flight<br />
Center, Alabama<br />
Meszaros E (1988) On the possible role of the biosphere in the<br />
control of atmospheric clouds and precipitation. Atmos<br />
Environ 22:423–424<br />
Mojzsis SJ, Arrhenius G, McKeegan KD, Harrison TM, Nutman<br />
AP, Friend CRL (1996) Evidence for life on Earth<br />
before 3,800 million years ago. Nature 384:55–59<br />
Mortensen LM (1987) Review: CO2 enrichment in greenhouses.<br />
Crop responses. Sci Hort 33:1–25<br />
Myneni RB, Keeling CD, Tucker CJ, Asrar G, Nemani RR<br />
(1997) Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes<br />
from 1981 to 1991. Nature 386:698–702<br />
Newman MJ, Rood RT (1977) Implication of the solar evolution<br />
for the Earth’s early atmosphere. Science 198:<br />
1035–1037<br />
Nguyen BC, Belviso S, Mihalopoulos N, Gostan J, Nival P<br />
(1988) Dimethyl sulfide production during natural phytoplanktonic<br />
blooms. Mar Chem 24:133–141<br />
Nicholls S (1984) The dynamics of stratocumulus: aircraft<br />
observations and comparisons with a mixed layer model.<br />
Q J R Meteorol Soc 110:783–820<br />
Nierenberg WA, Brewer PG, Machta L, Nordhaus WD, Revelle<br />
RR, Schelling TC, Smagorinsky J, Waggoner PE,<br />
Woodwell GM (1983) Synthesis. In: Changing climate:<br />
Report of the carbon dioxide assessment committee.<br />
National Academy Press, Washington, DC, p 5–86<br />
Novakov T, Penner JE (1993) Large contribution of organic<br />
aerosols to cloud-condensation-nuclei concentrations.<br />
Nature 365:823–826<br />
Nullet D (1987) Sources of energy for evaporation on tropical<br />
islands. Phys Geogr 8:36–45<br />
Nullet D, Ekern PC (1988) Temperature and insolation trends<br />
in Hawaii. Theoret Appl Climatol 39:90–92<br />
O’Neill EG (1994) Responses of soil biota to elevated atmospheric<br />
carbon dioxide. Plant Soil 165:55–65<br />
Owen T, Cess RD, Ramanathan V (1979) Enhanced CO2<br />
greenhouse to compensate for reduced solar luminosity on<br />
early earth. Nature 277:640–642<br />
Oyama YI, Carle GC, Woeller F, Pollack JB (1979) Venus<br />
lower atmospheric composition: analysis by gas chromatography.<br />
Science 203:802–805<br />
Paltridge GW (1980) Cloud-radiation feedback to climate. Q J<br />
R Meteorol Soc 106:895–899<br />
Pearman GI, Hyson P (1981) The annual variation of atmospheric<br />
CO2 concentration observed in the northern hemisphere.<br />
J Geophys Res 86:9839–9843<br />
Petersen KL (1994) A warm and wet little climatic optimum<br />
and a cold and dry little ice age in the southern Rocky<br />
Mountains, U.S.A. Clim Change 26:243–269<br />
Phillips OL, Gentry AH (1994) Increasing turnover through<br />
time in tropical forests. Science 263:954–958<br />
Pilewskie P, Valero FPJ (1995) Direct observations of excess<br />
solar absorption by clouds. Science 267:1626–1629<br />
Pimm SL, Sugden AM (1994) Tropical diversity and global<br />
change. Science 263:933–934<br />
Platt T, Sathyendranath S (1988) Oceanic primary production:<br />
estimation by remote sensing at local and regional scales.<br />
Science 241:1613–1620<br />
Pollack JB (1979) Climate change on terrestrial planets. Icarus<br />
37:479–553<br />
Pollack JB, Toon OB, Boese R (1980) Greenhouse models of<br />
Venus’ high surface temperature, as constrained by Pioneer<br />
Venus measurements. J Geophys Res 85:8223–8231<br />
Poorter H (1993) Interspecific variation in the growth<br />
response of plants to an elevated ambient CO2 concentration.<br />
Vegetatio 104–105:77–97<br />
Ramanathan V (1988) The greenhouse theory of climate<br />
change: a test by an inadvertent global experiment. Science<br />
240:293–299<br />
Ramanathan V, Collins W (1991) Thermodynamic regulation<br />
of ocean warming by cirrus clouds deduced from observations<br />
of the 1987 El Nino. Nature 351:27–32<br />
Ramanathan V, Cess RD, Harrison EF, Minnis P, Barkstrom<br />
BR, Ahmed E, Hartmann D (1989) Cloud-radiative forcing<br />
and climate: results from the Earth Radiation Budget<br />
Experiment. Science 243:57–63<br />
Ramanathan V, Subasilar B, Zhang GJ, Conant W, Cess RD,<br />
Kiehl JT, Grassl H, Shi L (1995) Warm pool heat budget<br />
and shortwave cloud forcing: a missing physics? Science<br />
267:499–503<br />
Raval A, Ramanathan V (1989) Observational determination<br />
of the greenhouse effect. Nature 342:758–761<br />
Raven JA (1991) Physiology of inorganic C acquisition and<br />
implications for resource use efficiency by marine phytoplankton:<br />
relation to increased CO2 and temperature.<br />
Plant Cell Environ 14:779–794<br />
Raven JA (1993) Phytoplankton: limits on growth rates.<br />
Nature 361:209–210<br />
Reid GC (1993) Do solar variations change climate? EOS:<br />
Trans Am Geophys Union 74:23<br />
Rhea GY, Gotham IJ (1981) The effect of environmental factors<br />
on phytoplankton growth: temperature and the interactions<br />
of temperature with nutrient limitation. Limnol<br />
Oceanogr 26:635–648<br />
Riebesell U, Wolf-Gladrow DA, Smetacek V (1993) Carbon<br />
dioxide limitation of marine phytoplankton growth rates.<br />
Nature 361:249–251<br />
Ringelberg DB, Stair JO, Almeida J, Norby RJ, O’Neill EG,<br />
White D (1997) Consequences of rising atmospheric carbon<br />
dioxide levels for the belowground microbiota associated<br />
with white oak. J Environ Qual 26:495–503<br />
Roeckner E (1988) A GCM analysis of the cloud optical depth<br />
feedback. In: Proceedings: Symposium on the role of<br />
clouds in atmospheric chemistry and global climate.<br />
American Meteorological Society, Boston, p 67–68<br />
Roeckner E, Schlese U, Biercamp J, Loewe P (1987) Cloud<br />
optical depth feedbacks and climate modeling. Nature<br />
329:138–140<br />
Rogers HH, Runion GB, Krupa SV (1994) Plant responses to<br />
atmospheric CO2 enrichment with emphasis on roots and<br />
the rhizosphere. Environ Pollut 83:155–189<br />
Roosen RG, Angione RJ (1984) Atmospheric transmission and<br />
climate: results from Smithsonian measurements. Bull Am<br />
Meteorol Soc 65:950–957<br />
Rosinski J, Haagenson PL, Nagamoto CT, Parungo F (1986)<br />
Ice-forming nuclei of maritime origin. J Aerosol Sci 17:<br />
23–46<br />
Rosinski J, Haagenson PL, Nagamoto CT, Parungo F (1987)<br />
80<br />
Idso: A skeptic’s view of potential climate change<br />
Nature of ice-forming nuclei in marine air masses.<br />
J Aerosol Sci 18:291–309<br />
Sagan C, Chyba C (1997) The early faint sun paradox: organic<br />
shielding of ultraviolet-labile greenhouse gases. Science<br />
276:1217–1221<br />
Sagan C, Mullen G (1972) Earth and Mars: evolution of<br />
atmospheres and surface temperatures. Science 177:<br />
52–56<br />
Sakshaug E (1988) Light and temperature as controlling factors<br />
of phytoplankton growth rate in temperate and polar<br />
regions. EOS: Trans Am Geophys Union 69:1081<br />
Saltzman ES, Savoie DL, Zika RG, Prospero JM (1983)<br />
Methane-sulfonic acid in the marine atmosphere. J Geophys<br />
Res 88:10897–10902<br />
Sand-Jensen K, Pedersen MF, Laurentius S (1992) Photosynthetic<br />
use of inorganic carbon among primary and secondary<br />
water plants in streams. Freshwater Biol 27:<br />
283–293<br />
Saxena P, Hildemann LM, McMurry PH, Seinfeld JH (1995)<br />
Organics alter hygroscopic behavior of atmospheric particles.<br />
J Geophys Res 100:18755–18770<br />
Saxena VK (1983) Evidence of the biogenic nuclei involvement<br />
in Antarctic coastal clouds. J Phys Chem 87:4130<br />
Saxena VK, Durkee PA, Menon S, Anderson J, Burns KL,<br />
Nielsen KE (1996) Physico-chemical measurements to<br />
investigate regional cloud-climate feedback mechanisms.<br />
Atmos Environ 30:1573–1579<br />
Schidlowski M (1988) A 3,800-million-year isotopic record of<br />
life from carbon in sedimentary rocks. Nature 333:<br />
313–318<br />
Schneider SH, Kellogg WW, Ramanathan V (1980) Carbon<br />
dioxide and climate. Science 210:6–8<br />
Schnell RC, Vali G (1976) Biogenic ice nuclei. Part I. Terrestrial<br />
and marine sources. J Atmos Sci 33:1554–1564<br />
Schopf JW (1978) The evolution of the earliest cells. Scient<br />
Am 239(3):110–138<br />
Schopf JW, Barghourn ES (1967) Alga-like fossils from the<br />
early Precambrian of South Africa. Science 156:507–512<br />
Schwarzchild M, Howard R, Harm R (1957) Inhomogeneous<br />
stellar models. V. A solar model with convective envelope<br />
and inhomogeneous interior. Astrophys J 125:233–241<br />
Scuderi LA (1993) A 2000-year tree ring record of annual temperatures<br />
in the Sierra Nevada mountains. Science 259:<br />
1433–1436<br />
Sellers WD (1965) Physical climatology. University of Chicago<br />
Press, Chicago<br />
Serre-Bachet F (1994) Middle Ages temperature reconstructions<br />
in Europe, a focus on Northeastern Italy. Clim<br />
Change 26:213–224<br />
Shapiro J (1997) The role of carbon dioxide in the initiation<br />
and maintenance of blue-green dominance in lakes.<br />
Freshwater Biol 37:307–323<br />
Shaw GE (1983) Bio-controlled thermostasis involving the sulfur<br />
cycle. Clim Change 5:297–303<br />
Shaw GE (1987) Aerosols as climate regulators: a climatebiosphere<br />
linkage? Atmos Environ 21:985–986<br />
Shine KP, Derwent RG, Wuebbles DJ, Morcrette JJ (1990)<br />
Radiative forcing of climate. In: Houghton JT, Jenkins GJ,<br />
Ephraums JJ (eds) Climate change: the IPCC scientific<br />
assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p<br />
41–68<br />
Slingo A (1990) Sensitivity of the Earth’s radiation budget to<br />
changes in low clouds. Nature 343:49–51<br />
Smagorinsky J, Armi L, Bretherton FP, Bryan K, Cess RD,<br />
Gates WL, Hansen J, Kutzbach JE, Manabe S (1982) Carbon<br />
dioxide and climate: a second assessment. National<br />
Academy Press, Washington, DC<br />
Somerville RCJ, Remer LA (1984) Cloud optical thickness<br />
feedbacks in the CO2 climate problem. J Geophys Res 89:<br />
9668–9672<br />
Soon WH, Posmentier ES, Baliunas SL (1996) Inference of<br />
solar irradiance variability from terrestrial temperature<br />
changes, 1880–1993: an astrophysical application of the<br />
sun-climate connection. Astrophys J 472:891–902<br />
Spencer RW (1997) 1996: a preview of cooler days ahead. In:<br />
Michaels PJ (ed) State of the climate report: essays on<br />
global climate change. New Hope Environmental Services,<br />
New Hope, p 14–17<br />
Staubes R, Georgii HW, Ockelmann G (1989) Flux of COS,<br />
DMS and CS2 from various soils in Germany. Tellus 41B:<br />
305–313<br />
Strain BR, Cure JD (1994) Direct effects of atmospheric CO2<br />
enrichment on plants and ecosystems: an updated bibliographic<br />
data base. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak<br />
Ridge<br />
Szyrmer W, Zawadzki I (1997) Biogenic and anthropogenic<br />
sources of ice-forming nuclei: a review. Bull Am Meteorol<br />
Soc 78:209–228<br />
Titus JE (1992) Submersed macrophyte growth at low pH. II.<br />
CO2 sediment interactions. Oecologia 92:391–398<br />
Titus JE, Feldman RS, Grise D (1990) Submersed macrophyte<br />
growth at low pH. I. CO2 enrichment effects with fertile<br />
sediment. Oecologia 84:307–313<br />
Trenberth KE, Houghton JT, Meira Filho LG (1996) The climate<br />
system: an overview. In: Houghton JT, Meira Filho<br />
LG, Callander BA, Harris N, Kattenberg A, Maskell K<br />
(eds) Climate change 1995: the science of climate change.<br />
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 51–64<br />
Turner SM, Malin G, Liss PS, Harbour DS, Holligan PM (1988)<br />
The seasonal variation of dimethyl sulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate<br />
concentrations in nearshore waters.<br />
Limnol Oceanogr 33:364–375<br />
Turner SM, Nightingale PD, Spokes LJ, Liddicoat MI, Liss<br />
PS (1996) Increased dimethyl sulphide concentrations in<br />
sea water from in situ iron enrichment. Nature 383:<br />
513–517<br />
Twomey SA, Warner J (1967) Comparison of measurements of<br />
cloud droplets and cloud nuclei. J Atmos Sci 24:702–703<br />
Vairavamurthy A, Andreae MO, Iverson RL (1985) Biosynthesis<br />
of dimethylsulfide and dimethylpropiothetin by<br />
Hymenomonas carterae in relation to sulfur source and<br />
salinity variations. Limnol Oceanogr 30:59–70<br />
Valero FPJ, Collins WD, Pilewskie P, Bucholtz A, Flatau PJ<br />
(1997) Direct radiometric observations of the water vapor<br />
greenhouse effect over the equatorial Pacific Ocean.<br />
Science 275:1773–1776<br />
Vali G, Christensen M, Fresh RW, Galyan EL, Maki LR,<br />
Schnell RC (1976) Biogenic ice nuclei. Part II: Bacterial<br />
sources. J Atmos Sci 33:1565–1570<br />
Villalba R (1994) Tree-ring and glacial evidence for the<br />
medieval warm epoch and the little ice age in southern<br />
South America. Clim Change 26:183–197<br />
Walker JCG (1985) Carbon dioxide on the early Earth. Origins<br />
Life 16:117–127<br />
Walker JCG (1986) The Earth history: the several ages of the<br />
Earth. Jones &amp; Bartlett, Boston<br />
Warner J, Twomey SA (1967) The production of cloud nuclei<br />
by cane fires and the effect on cloud droplet concentration.<br />
J Atmos Sci 24:704–706<br />
Warren SG, Schneider SH (1979) Seasonal simulation as a test<br />
for uncertainties in the parameterizations of a Budyko-<br />
Sellers zonal climate model. J Atmos Sci 36:1377–1391<br />
Webster PJ, Stephens GL (1984) Cloud-radiation interaction<br />
and the climate problem. In: Houghton JT (ed) The global<br />
81<br />
Clim Res 10: 69–82, 1998<br />
climate. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 63–78<br />
Went FW (1966) On the nature of Aitken condensation nuclei.<br />
Tellus 18:549–555<br />
Whyte ID (1995) Climatic change and human society. Arnold,<br />
London<br />
Wigley TML, Brimblecombe P (1981) Carbon dioxide, ammonia<br />
and the origin of life. Nature 291:213–215<br />
Wullschleger SD, Post WM, King AW (1995) On the potential<br />
for a CO2 fertilization effect in forests: estimates of the<br />
biotic growth factor based on 58 controlled-exposure studies.<br />
In: Woodwell GM, Mackenzie FT (eds) Biotic feedbacks<br />
in the global climatic system. Oxford University<br />
Press, New York, p 85–107<br />
Wullschleger SD, Norby RJ, Gunderson CA (1997) Forest<br />
trees and their response to atmospheric CO2 enrichment: a<br />
compilation of results. In: Allen LH Jr, Kirkham MB,<br />
Olszyk DM, Whitman CE (eds) Advances in CO2 effects<br />
research. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, p<br />
79–100<br />
Zak DR, Pregitzer KS, Curtis PS, Teeri JA, Fogel R, Randlett<br />
DL (1993) Elevated atmospheric CO2 and feedback between<br />
carbon and nitrogen cycles. Plant Soil 151:105–117<br />
82<br />
Editorial responsibility: Laurence Kalkstein,<br />
Newark, Delaware, USA<br />
Submitted: August 5, 1997; Accepted: January 22, 1998<br />
Proofs received from author(s): February 24, 1998</p></blockquote>
<p>His arguments are lucid, backed by real data and confirmed by the close agreement of the results from the many natural experiments that he has conducted. </p>
<p>This paper, more than anything else that I have read, reveals the inadequacy of the GCMs that are the only supposed evidence that confirms the AGW hypothesis.</p>
<p>Paul</p>
<hr class="comment-divider" /><p class="comment-report">
				<span id="reportcomment_results_div_109187"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="reportComment_AddTextArea( 109187 );" title="Report this comment" rel="nofollow">Report this</a></span>
				<span id="reportcomment_comment_div_109187"></span>
			</p><p class="comment-rating"><a href="#" class='ckup' id='karma-109187-up' title="Thumb up" >0</a><a href="#" class='ckdn' id='karma-109187-down' title="Thumb down"  >0</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: &#8230;..Aaron&#39;s EnvironMental Corner&#8230;.. &#187; The Unskeptical Guide to the Skeptics Handbook</title>
		<link>http://joannenova.com.au/2009/03/desmog-accidentally-vindicates-the-skeptics-handbook/#comment-70703</link>
		<dc:creator>&#8230;..Aaron&#39;s EnvironMental Corner&#8230;.. &#187; The Unskeptical Guide to the Skeptics Handbook</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 Aug 2010 17:17:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://joannenova.com.au/?p=959#comment-70703</guid>
		<description>[...] from the name-calling, Desmog are scientifically embarrassing. I debunked their first effort: “Desmog accidentally vindicates the Skeptics Handbook“. I’ve also debunked Deltoid as well, a post so successful it put this blog on the map. Deltoid [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] from the name-calling, Desmog are scientifically embarrassing. I debunked their first effort: “Desmog accidentally vindicates the Skeptics Handbook“. I’ve also debunked Deltoid as well, a post so successful it put this blog on the map. Deltoid [...]</p>
<hr class="comment-divider" /><p class="comment-report">
				<span id="reportcomment_results_div_70703"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="reportComment_AddTextArea( 70703 );" title="Report this comment" rel="nofollow">Report this</a></span>
				<span id="reportcomment_comment_div_70703"></span>
			</p><p class="comment-rating"><a href="#" class='ckup' id='karma-70703-up' title="Thumb up" >0</a><a href="#" class='ckdn' id='karma-70703-down' title="Thumb down"  >0</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Cheap New York City</title>
		<link>http://joannenova.com.au/2009/03/desmog-accidentally-vindicates-the-skeptics-handbook/#comment-50153</link>
		<dc:creator>Cheap New York City</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 11 May 2010 23:49:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://joannenova.com.au/?p=959#comment-50153</guid>
		<description>wow , i can&#039;t wait for this gamewow i can&#039;t wait for this game</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>wow , i can&#8217;t wait for this gamewow i can&#8217;t wait for this game</p>
<hr class="comment-divider" /><p class="comment-report">
				<span id="reportcomment_results_div_50153"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="reportComment_AddTextArea( 50153 );" title="Report this comment" rel="nofollow">Report this</a></span>
				<span id="reportcomment_comment_div_50153"></span>
			</p><p class="comment-rating"><a href="#" class='ckup' id='karma-50153-up' title="Thumb up" >0</a><a href="#" class='ckdn' id='karma-50153-down' title="Thumb down"  >0</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Tweets that mention DeSmog accidentally vindicates The Skeptics Handbook « JoNova -- Topsy.com</title>
		<link>http://joannenova.com.au/2009/03/desmog-accidentally-vindicates-the-skeptics-handbook/#comment-43681</link>
		<dc:creator>Tweets that mention DeSmog accidentally vindicates The Skeptics Handbook « JoNova -- Topsy.com</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 17 Apr 2010 03:51:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://joannenova.com.au/?p=959#comment-43681</guid>
		<description>[...] This post was mentioned on Twitter by Martin Judd. Martin Judd said: DeSmog accidentally vindicates The Skeptics Handbook http://ow.ly/1zAjn #climategate #climatechange #agw #ipcc #tcot [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] This post was mentioned on Twitter by Martin Judd. Martin Judd said: DeSmog accidentally vindicates The Skeptics Handbook <a href="http://ow.ly/1zAjn" rel="nofollow">http://ow.ly/1zAjn</a> #climategate #climatechange #agw #ipcc #tcot [...]</p>
<hr class="comment-divider" /><p class="comment-report">
				<span id="reportcomment_results_div_43681"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="reportComment_AddTextArea( 43681 );" title="Report this comment" rel="nofollow">Report this</a></span>
				<span id="reportcomment_comment_div_43681"></span>
			</p><p class="comment-rating"><a href="#" class='ckup' id='karma-43681-up' title="Thumb up" >0</a><a href="#" class='ckdn' id='karma-43681-down' title="Thumb down"  >0</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Damian Scott</title>
		<link>http://joannenova.com.au/2009/03/desmog-accidentally-vindicates-the-skeptics-handbook/#comment-24083</link>
		<dc:creator>Damian Scott</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Jan 2010 20:37:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://joannenova.com.au/?p=959#comment-24083</guid>
		<description>Heh Heh  I love it when they use the Venus argument to back AGW nonsense.  The greenhouse effect was invented to explain why the probes we sent to Venus, which was predicted to be cold and dry, kept melting before they reached the surface.  Science has been ignoring evidence and curve fitting theories to fit the data for the last 100 years.  This is why there is so much zombie science kicking about:  Accretion Theory; Continental Plate Theory; Cometary Theory; AGW Theory.  Every prediction made has falsified these theories yet still they persist...mainly because they have to support so much hubris that scientists have heaped on top of them.

Cheers!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Heh Heh  I love it when they use the Venus argument to back AGW nonsense.  The greenhouse effect was invented to explain why the probes we sent to Venus, which was predicted to be cold and dry, kept melting before they reached the surface.  Science has been ignoring evidence and curve fitting theories to fit the data for the last 100 years.  This is why there is so much zombie science kicking about:  Accretion Theory; Continental Plate Theory; Cometary Theory; AGW Theory.  Every prediction made has falsified these theories yet still they persist&#8230;mainly because they have to support so much hubris that scientists have heaped on top of them.</p>
<p>Cheers!</p>
<hr class="comment-divider" /><p class="comment-report">
				<span id="reportcomment_results_div_24083"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="reportComment_AddTextArea( 24083 );" title="Report this comment" rel="nofollow">Report this</a></span>
				<span id="reportcomment_comment_div_24083"></span>
			</p><p class="comment-rating"><a href="#" class='ckup' id='karma-24083-up' title="Thumb up" >0</a><a href="#" class='ckdn' id='karma-24083-down' title="Thumb down"  >0</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Venus Missing Greenhouse Warming &#171; The Worm That Turned</title>
		<link>http://joannenova.com.au/2009/03/desmog-accidentally-vindicates-the-skeptics-handbook/#comment-15257</link>
		<dc:creator>Venus Missing Greenhouse Warming &#171; The Worm That Turned</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Nov 2009 22:59:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://joannenova.com.au/?p=959#comment-15257</guid>
		<description>[...] Jo Nova on Venus [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] Jo Nova on Venus [...]</p>
<hr class="comment-divider" /><p class="comment-report">
				<span id="reportcomment_results_div_15257"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="reportComment_AddTextArea( 15257 );" title="Report this comment" rel="nofollow">Report this</a></span>
				<span id="reportcomment_comment_div_15257"></span>
			</p><p class="comment-rating"><a href="#" class='ckup' id='karma-15257-up' title="Thumb up" >0</a><a href="#" class='ckdn' id='karma-15257-down' title="Thumb down"  >0</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Mike M</title>
		<link>http://joannenova.com.au/2009/03/desmog-accidentally-vindicates-the-skeptics-handbook/#comment-12316</link>
		<dc:creator>Mike M</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2009 21:08:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://joannenova.com.au/?p=959#comment-12316</guid>
		<description>&lt;blockquote&gt;It stands to reason then that adding more CO2 to the atmosphere should allow the upper layers to absorb more of it. This means that the energy would have to move up higher still in order to escape into space.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

IF it were true then it would also &#039;stand to reason&#039; that a hot spot would form in the upper troposphere.   Where is that hot spot Jeremy?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>It stands to reason then that adding more CO2 to the atmosphere should allow the upper layers to absorb more of it. This means that the energy would have to move up higher still in order to escape into space.</p></blockquote>
<p>IF it were true then it would also &#8216;stand to reason&#8217; that a hot spot would form in the upper troposphere.   Where is that hot spot Jeremy?</p>
<hr class="comment-divider" /><p class="comment-report">
				<span id="reportcomment_results_div_12316"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="reportComment_AddTextArea( 12316 );" title="Report this comment" rel="nofollow">Report this</a></span>
				<span id="reportcomment_comment_div_12316"></span>
			</p><p class="comment-rating"><a href="#" class='ckup' id='karma-12316-up' title="Thumb up" >0</a><a href="#" class='ckdn' id='karma-12316-down' title="Thumb down"  >0</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: wilbert Robichaud</title>
		<link>http://joannenova.com.au/2009/03/desmog-accidentally-vindicates-the-skeptics-handbook/#comment-8577</link>
		<dc:creator>wilbert Robichaud</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 19 Jul 2009 17:24:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://joannenova.com.au/?p=959#comment-8577</guid>
		<description>maybe ?

Human beings, as a species, have no more value than slugs.
John Davis, editor of Earth First! Journal

The extinction of the human species may not only be inevitable but a good thing....This is not to say that the rise of human civilization is insignificant, but there is no way of showing that it will be much help to the world in the long run. Economist editorial

We advocate biodiversity for biodiversity’s sake. It may take our extinction to set things straight.
David Foreman, Earth First!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>maybe ?</p>
<p>Human beings, as a species, have no more value than slugs.<br />
John Davis, editor of Earth First! Journal</p>
<p>The extinction of the human species may not only be inevitable but a good thing&#8230;.This is not to say that the rise of human civilization is insignificant, but there is no way of showing that it will be much help to the world in the long run. Economist editorial</p>
<p>We advocate biodiversity for biodiversity’s sake. It may take our extinction to set things straight.<br />
David Foreman, Earth First!</p>
<hr class="comment-divider" /><p class="comment-report">
				<span id="reportcomment_results_div_8577"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="reportComment_AddTextArea( 8577 );" title="Report this comment" rel="nofollow">Report this</a></span>
				<span id="reportcomment_comment_div_8577"></span>
			</p><p class="comment-rating"><a href="#" class='ckup' id='karma-8577-up' title="Thumb up" >0</a><a href="#" class='ckdn' id='karma-8577-down' title="Thumb down"  >0</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
</channel>
</rss>

<!-- Performance optimized by W3 Total Cache. Learn more: http://www.w3-edge.com/wordpress-plugins/

Page Caching using disk: enhanced
Database Caching 2/9 queries in 0.007 seconds using disk: basic
Object Caching 815/816 objects using disk: basic

Served from: joannenova.com.au @ 2012-05-23 18:29:05 -->
